Fermilab Run 2 Accelerator Status and Upgrades

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Presentation transcript:

Fermilab Run 2 Accelerator Status and Upgrades Keith Gollwitzer Antiproton Source Beams Division Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory October 8, 2003 Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Outline Overview of the Fermilab Accelerator Complex Status of Run 2 Comparison to Run 1 The last year of running Overview of Upgrades for Run 2 Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Fermilab Overview Proton source CDF Tevatron Main Injector\ Recycler D0 Antiproton source Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Schematic of Accelerator Complex Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Protons to the Tevatron 750keV Cockcroft-Walton 2 stage H- LINAC to 400MeV Booster to 8GeV Main Injector to 150GeV Also 120GeV protons to pbar production target Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Antiprotons to the Tevatron 120 GeV protons on Nickel target Pulsed Lithium lens to focus secondaries beam 8GeV pbars collected in Debuncher Transfer to Accumulator to further decrease phase space and accumulation of pbars Transfer to Main Injector & ramped to 150GeV Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Tevatron Beams Inject 36 bunches of 150 GeV protons onto central orbit Open helix using Electrostatic Separators Inject 36 bunches of 150 GeV pbars onto second helical orbit Accelerate beams to 980 GeV Bring beam into collisions by modifying helices at detectors Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Run II Milestones September 1998 - Main Injector commissioning begins May 2000 – first attempts to unstack Pbars from the Accumulator June 2000 – pbars extracted from Accumulator, accelerated to 150 GeV in the Main Injector August 2000 - 980 GeV protons in the Tevatron re-established August 2000 – Pbars in the Tevatron October 2000 – 36 x 36 collisions achieved at 980 GeV March 2001 - Run II officially begins August 2002 - Initial luminosity 2.6 x 1031 cm-2s-1 Exceeds best of Run I August 2003 4.88 x 1031 cm-2s-1 initial luminosity achieved 330 pb-1 integrated since Run II began Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Peak Luminosity Improved Beam Line Match Helix Improvement Accumulator Core Cooling &Transfer Lattice Improved TeV Closure TeV Impedance TeV Orbit Improved Improved Transfers Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Integrated Luminosity Variations are a function store hours (reliability) Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Parameter List RUN Ib (1993-95) 6 x 6 Run II (2003) (36 x 36) Current best Protons/bunch 2.3 X 1011 2.7 Antiprotons/bunch 0.55 x 1011 0.3 0.2 Total Antiprotons 3.3 x 1011 11 7.2 Pbar Production Rate 6.0 x 1010/hour 18 13.5 Proton Emittance 23p mm-mrad 20p Antiproton Emittance 13p mm-mrad 15p b* 35 cm 35 Energy 900 GeV 1000 980 Bunch Length (rms) 0.60 meter 0.37 ~0.60 Typical Luminosity 1.6 x 1031cm-2s-1 8.6 4.9 best-to-date Integrated Luminosity 3.2 pb-1/week 10.9 9.6 best-to-date Bunch spacing ~3500 nsec 396 Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

What could be Better & Fixes Tevatron Performance Coupling of transverse motion is large Major source identified in dipoles (see slides) Stability control Removal of unused Lambertson decreased machine impedance Adding vacuum liner to remaining Lambertsons Cu-Be bronze: high electrical & thermal conductivities Limited orbit control Vertical correctors running near maximum due to roll of dipoles Resetting many magnets during current shutdown Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Tevatron Coupling Data shows in-plane and out-of-plane difference orbits after single horizontal kick. Data is for 1st 5 turns in Tevatron. Coupling in Tevatron is ~uniform around the ring and is consistent with ~1.5 units of a1 per dipole. This is compensated by a distributed skew quad circuit of 42 elements. Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Tevatron Coupling (continued) Tevatron dipole cross section Tevatron coil and cryostat assembly is held within the iron by 4 supports at 9 locations along the length of the magnet. Recent measurements of the “smart bolts” (upper supports) on magnets in the tunnel, indicate that the coil assembly has sagged by ~2 mils from original. This is enough to produce ~1 unit of a1 per dipole. In 1984, compensating skew quad circuit was running at ~2A. From 1995 compensating skew quad circuit has been running at ~24A (@ 800 GeV). Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

What could be Better & Fixes More particles to collisions Overall transmission efficiency 55-65% N stages each 90% Work to increase each stage to 95% efficiency 70-80% More Antiprotons Longer stores -- accumulation of more pbars Tevatron stores ending unintentionally Want to increase stacking rate (see slides) Improve phase space compression in Antiproton Source More protons on target Better collection of antiprotons. Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Antiproton Stacking 20 Antiproton produced per 10e6 on target Stacking Rate (mA/hr) 10 Largest Stack to Date 236mA 0 50 100 150 200 250 Stack Size (mA) Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Antiproton Stack Process Accumulator Stacktail Cooling Process Debuncher beam is transferred to the Injection Orbit Bunched with RF Moved with RF to Deposition Orbit Stacktail pushes and compresses beam from the Deposition Orbit to the Core Core Momentum systems gather and further compresses Transverse systems also compress phase space of beam The Problem Pulse rate determined by speed Stacktail can move beam off Deposition Orbit Amount needed to move dependent upon incoming longitudinal width Debuncher needs to compress the beam smaller before transfers Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Plan for Higher Luminosity Luminosity Formula: Dominant Terms: Number of pbars Proton Brightness The other terms we have little ability to change Essentially at limit of number of protons/bunch Strategy is to increase the number of pbars Increase protons on target & production efficiency Increase capability to handle pbar flux Need to control Tevatron Beam-Beam effects Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

More Protons on Production Target Quantity Slip Stacking will nearly double beam on target Quality Bunch length is passed on to the pbars Smaller helps in RF capture of pbars Smaller emittance helps collection Target Increase of energy deposited in target Investigating new target materials Beam sweeping to move beam spot during spill Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Slip Stacking Cartoon (1) (2) (3) (1) Booster batch 1. (2) Batch 1 in MI. (3) RF system A accelerates beam while Booster batch 2 is prepared. (4) Inject batch 2 into MI. (5) Decelerate batch 2 with RF system B. (6) Allow batches to slip until lined up; capture both batches with RF system C while turning off RF systems A&B. (4) (5) (6) Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Collect More Antiprotons Increase pbar yield Increase gradient of collection lens Increase the admittance of the transfer line and Debuncher ring Yield = pbar/proton on target Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Higher Gradient Lithium Lens Trade off between gradient and lens lifetime Nearly same design with improvements Cooling, Diffusion bonded, new Titanium Alloy Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Increase Antiproton Acceptance Most elements in 300m beam line and 500m Debuncher ring should handle 40 mm-mrad Identifying and taking corrective action Beam-based alignment Adding corrector elements to current limit set Improving diagnostics and procedures Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

How to handle the increased pbar flux Optimize Debuncher cooling systems Change Accumulator Stacktail system to push more flux Consequence smaller core Hence need another place to accumulate pbars Recycler Ring in Main Injector tunnel Stochastic cooling will not be sufficient Electron cooling at 8GeV Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Recycler Ring Status Slowly being commissioned over the last few years while operating Run 2 Little tunnel access time Main magnets are permanent magnets Recent addition of surplus LEP correctors Better orbit control particularly when the Main Injector ramps Current shutdown will finish all vacuum work Stacking is done using barrier RF buckets Electron cooling will be main cooling system Installation next Spring/Summer Final commissioning and integration into operations over the next 1.5 year Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Overview of Electron Cooling Co-moving low emittance electron beam cools pbars First use at medium energy High current with strict electron beam requirements for the 20m cooling section Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Electron Cooling Parameters Emphasis on longitudinal cooling; transverse free & assume incoming 3 mm-mrad (normalized) and 10 eV-sec Electron Beam Current 500 mA Pelletron Voltage 5 MV Allowed Voltage Ripple 500 V Electron Beam Size 3 mm Angular Electron Beam Spread 0.22 mrad Electron Beam alignment 0.1 mrad Solenoid Length 20 m Solenoid Field 100 G Longitudinal Cooling Rate 55 eV-sec/hr Longitudinal Cooling Time 25 min Time between Input transfers 30 min Final Longitudinal emittance 50 eV-sec Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Beam-Beam Interactions Near misses: mainly,on each side of the interaction region Effect of beams on each other is a series of focusing events causing the tune to change Current Nproton = 10Npbar Future Nproton = 2Npbar Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Beam-Beam Issues What to do about spread in tunes due to Beam-Beam Interactions Increase Electrostatic Separator strength to increase orbit separation Beam-Beam Compensation Electron Lens High Current Wires Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Tevatron Electron Lens Can modulate electron beam for each pbar bunch (& abort gap) Installed in TeV Used mainly for keeping abort gap clear by driving particles to a strong resonance Have demonstrated decrease rate of emittance blow-up for single pbar bunch A second lens is needed for full BBC Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Wires Beam-Beam Compensation An R&D project Current thought is to have 4 stations At each station, 4 wires Each wire with 200A Prototype later this fall Prototype station ready for 2004 summer shutdown installation Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Draft Run 2 Schedule Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Parameters of Upgrade Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Tevatron Reliability Analysis of number of store hours between Tevatron failures Failures occur randomly Rarely are failures correlated For any hour of store: failure probability is 2.5% Many possible components can fail: implies the mean lifetime of Tevatron components is ~5yr Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP

Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP Summary Fermilab Run 2 Progresses Accelerator complex in 2 years has delivered twice as much integrated luminosity as Run 1 Still work to be done in improving operations and understanding the accelerator complex Run 2 Upgrades to be done over the next 3yr Increase weekly integrated luminosity: factor 5.5 Mostly comes from increased number of Antiprotons Increased stacking rate requires the Recycler Ring with Electron Cooling Will require understanding and mitigating Beam-Beam effects Gollwitzer -- 8th ICATPP