The Skeletal System: Appendicular LABORATORY FOUR The Skeletal System: Appendicular 1

Laboratory Practicum I Next week, same time, same place The first lab exam will include lab 1-4 but not with equal weight. Less than 25% of the test questions will come from lab 1; more than 50% of the questions will come from labs 3 & 4, about 25% from lab 2 Set down all your belongings on the side bench No hat, electronic device, sunglasses Use pencil (+ eraser) and print your answers clearly – Your writing has to be legible 100 points for 100 questions (+ extra-credit points) Could use abbreviation key Spelling counts – could lose up to 0.5 point for misspelling Singular vs plural – ok Move through the test in numerical orders, 2min/station (do not move until I tell you) Only at the end, you will have time to re-visit some stations Make indications on the questions you need to go back to – put a line next to the answer you don’t know There will be 3-4 questions per station (check the practice practicum on the side-bench) Everything in your lab handouts is testable Can not position the bones on your body during the exam 2

The Skeletal System Two subdivisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton (in pairs – extra credit) Appendages & the bony girdle to which they attach to axial skeleton 3

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle & Upper Limb Pectoral girdle – scapula (shoulder blade) & clavicle (collarbone) Humerus (arm) Ulna & Radius (forearm) 8 Carpals (wrist) 5 Metacarpals (palm) 14 Phalanges (digits) 4

Pectoral Girdle (Scapula & Clavicle) Coracoid process (crow’s beak) provides attachment to arm and chest muscles. Glenoid cavity: articulates with the head of humerus Proximal end is to the point of body attachment Scapula: flat bone Calvicle: long bone – inferior surface lumpy, the flat surface is the lateral (acromial) end Lateral (acromial) 5 Medial (sternal)

Humerus Humerus head attaches to scapula at the glenoid cavity deltoid tuberosity: attachment site for deltoid muscle – on the anterior side Greater and lesser tubercles are both on the anterior side Capitulum (little head): articulates with the radius head 6

Ulna is Medial to Radius (trochlear notch) (trochlear notch) Wheel-like head Ulna is on the medial end and radius is on the lateral end Olecranon process can be felt as the point of elbow The ulnar head can be seen as a prominent lump on the posterior ulnar side of the wrist Radial tuberosity is where one of the arm muscles, the biceps brachii, attaches. Radius rotates around radial notch of ulna…Only primates can do this move…Not dogs or cats Radius: wheel head Styloid process: needle like 7

Wrist & Hand Phalanx (one digit of finger) – proximal phalanx I Compare your thumb with your index finger – how many bones each have? Metacarpals (palm of hand) – metacarpal I Collectively short bones of wrist are called carpals. 8

Bones of Pelvic Girdle & Lower Limb Pelvic girdle – ossa coxae Femur (thigh) Tibia & Fibula (leg) 7 Tarsals (ankle) 5 Metatarsals (sole) 14 Phalanges (digits) The pelvis includes the pelvic girdle and coccyx 9

Pelvis Pelvic girdle is composed of the two ossa coxae Sacrum is part of axial skeleton 10

Os Coxa (fused from 3 bones) How to distinguish between right and left os coxa? Elton John glasses Os coxa is formed by 3 separate bones (Ilium, Ischium, pubis) fused by age 3yrs…Center of acetabulum is where all thee bones fuse with each other…learning these three bones helps you locate other assigned structures Rough part is where sacrum attaches 11

Female vs Male Pelvis Lighter bone density in female (see-through against the light) More spacious in female Wider subpubic angle in female Coccyx in female is less curved Female: Mickey Mouse Male: Rat 12

Fovea capitis Femur & Patella The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the oss coxa thru ligaments that bond to fovea capitis Anterior side of femur is soft…the posterior side is rough and bumpy The trochanters are points of muscle attachment Hip replacement: either the head of the femur, or head + neck, or sometimes the acetabulum as well How to tell right vs left patella: Patella always lays down laterally 13

Tibia is Medial to Fibula The tibia is larger than fibula and is the major weight bearing bone of the leg, tibia is more medial than fibula The fibula does not articulate with the femur, but its head is attached to the proximal end of the tibia. Fibula is a support bone mostly, often gets broken by first time skiers Medial malleolus (little hammer): inside ankle bump Lateral malleolus: outside ankle bump Tibia’s anterior surface: has a sharp edge has tibial tuberosity (a bump that always runs into coffee table) Fibula: on the distal portion, an arrowhead comes to a point (lateral malleolus). Lateral malleolus is always pointing downward or toward the table if laid down on the table. 14

Right Foot Proximal phalanx I Proximal metatarsal I Tarsal (ankle bone) – collectively all 7 short bones in the ankles are called tarsal bones Tibia will articulate with the biggest ankle bone - weight bearing 15

Knee Joint Femur: # 1 Tibia: #3 Fibula: No number – Skinny bone Medial Collateral Ligament - #6 Lateral Collateral Ligament - #7 Patellar Ligament: #4 Anterior cruciate ligament: #8 Posterior cruciate ligament: # 9 look in the posterior end, the more inferior ligament Medial Meniscus: #5 Lateral Meniscus: #13 - In line with medial meniscus on the fibular side 4/26/2017