1. Appendicular Skeleton: Lower Extermity
Ch 7

2. Let’s review…
The appendicular skeleton is one of two components of the vertebrate skeleton : axial and appendicular
The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones
The appendicular skeleton anchors our appendages to the axial skeleton
There are two parts to the appendicular skeleton: the Upper and Lower parts
The upper appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle and the forelimbs (arms)
Pectoral girdle consists of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collar bone)
The pectoral girdle serves as a insertion place for muscles to move our forelimbs
There are 30 bones in each forelimb
a.  humerus : 1 bone
b.  Forearm : radius (1 bone) Ulna ( 1 bone)
c.  wrist : carpal (8 bones)
d.  palm : metacarpals (5 bones)
e.  Phalanges (14 bones)

3. Lower Appendicular Skeleton
The pelvic girdle and the lower limbs are part of the lower appendicular skeleton
The pelvic girdle.....
Attaches lower limbs to the axial skeleton
transfers the weight from the upper body to the lower limbs
Some of the strongest ligaments attach the pelvis to the axial skeleton
Cup like holes and strong ligaments attach thigh bones to the pelvic girdle, this explains why our legs aren't as mobile as our arms
There are 30 bones in the lower limbs.....
thigh : femur (1 bone)
knee : patella (1 bone)
Leg : tibia (1 bone), fibula (1 bone), tarsals (7 bones)
foot : metatarsals (5 bones), Phalanges (14 bones)
The purpose of the lower limb is for weight bearing and propulsion of the body

4. Pelvic Girdle: Parts to know
Bones: Ilium, Ischuim, Pubis
Acetabulum, Iliac crest, iliac fossa, anterior superior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, obturator foramen, symphysis pubis

5. Pelvic Girdle

6. Pelvic Girdle Two Joints: Sacroillac Pubic Symphysis Snovial-gliding
Tight ligaments
Pubic Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint
fibrocartilage

7. Male vs. Female Pelvic Girdle
A.   Size
The male skeleton is larger than most female ones.
B. Pelvic angle
The angle at the front of the female's pelvis is wider than the male's.
The male’s pelvis is more funnel- shaped while the female’s is shallower and wider.
The female pelvis is shaped so that the baby’s body can be cradled in it before birth and so it can pass through it during birthing.
In other words: the Female pelvis is:
Broader!
Less tall
Flatter sacrum
Larger birth canal
Subpubic angle greater than 100 degrees

8. Pelvic Girdle Movements
Sagittal Plane
Anterior tilt
Posterior tilt
(ASIS movement)
Frontal Plane
Lateral tilt right
Lateral tilt left
(lowest side)
Transverse Plane
Rotation right
Rotation left

9. The Hip Joint

10. Members of the Hip Joint
Acetabulum (socket)
Femur
Head of femur
Classification:
Synovial: Ball & Socket
Multiaxial
Complex
Stable (strong ligaments!)

11. Angle of Inclination

12. Angle of Inclination
Coxa Valga
Coxa Vara

13. Femur Parts to know: Head (fovea capitis) Neck Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Intercondylar fossa

14. Tibia (shin bone) Parts to Know: Medial Condyle Lateral Condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus

15. Knee Joint Movements: Reference angle Saggital plane Transverse plane
Flexion/Extension
Transverse plane
Medial/lateral rotation
Frontal plane
Abduction (valgus)
Adduction (varus)

16. Fibula
Parts to know:
Head of fibula
Lateral malleolus

17. Ankle Joint Ankle Joint: Talocrural
Bones: Tibia, fibula, talus (trochlear surface)
Synovial joint -hinge

18. Ankle Joint movement Saggital Plane Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion
Anterior angle decreasing less than 90 degrees
Plantarflexion
Anterior angle increasing greater than 90 degrees

19. Intertarsal Joints Identify: Talus (ankle bone), Calcaneus (heel bone)
Synovial gliding
Most movement occurs in rear foot motion

20. Intertarsal Movement Frontal Plane Circumduction Inversion Eversion
Combo of ankle and intertarsal movement
*most commonly injured joint in the body!

21. The Foot Function Arches Supports body Shock absorption Movement
Longitudinal
Medial – flexible, important in shock absorption
Lateral
transverse

22. Study!!!