James C. Renick School of Education PSU AE Senior Thesis 2006 Mick Leso - Structural North Carolina A&T State University - Greensboro

Introduction Location Existing Conditions Structural System Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option OwnerNorth Carolina A&T State University ArchitectThe Freelon Group StructuralStewart Engineering, Inc. MEPRMF Engineering, Inc. LArchSasaki Associates, Inc. LightingLight Defines Form PROJECT TEAM

Introduction Location Existing Conditions Structural System Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option 64,000 sq. ft. Education/Administrative Use 3 Stories Above Grade Total Height: 48’-2” Predicted Cost: $14 million Construction: Summer ’06-Fall ’07 BUILDING STATISTICS 2 Boilers running at 60% 250 Ton, Water-Cooled, Rotary Screw Chiller (2) 2000 kVA transformers 750 kW Standby Diesel Generator

Existing Conditions Location Introduction Structural System Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES 52’-6” Long, 40’ Wide Cantilever 2 Stories w/ Varying Floor-to-Floor Height 13’-4” Pedestrian Clearance 17’ 14’-2” 12’-6”

Existing Conditions Location Introduction Structural System Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Exterior Façades Norman Brick Classroom Ribbon Windows Exposed Rivets Concrete Panels w/ Slate Panels Steel Cantilever Truss Glazed Curtain Wall Aluminum Mesh Sunscreen Fins

Structural System AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option OVERVIEW Steel Braced Frame on Shallow Foundation Expansion Joint Seismic Loads Control South Bldg. North Bldg. Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option WIDE FLANGE CANTILEVER TRUSSES Preassembled for Speed Construction Splices for Easy Transportation Splice Locations

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option WIDE FLANGE CANTILEVER TRUSSES W14x211 & W14x90 Girders Continuous Span

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option WIDE FLANGE CANTILEVER TRUSSES Columns W14x43 Columns Spliced Each Floor Level

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option WIDE FLANGE CANTILEVER TRUSSES Main Columns W14x132

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option WIDE FLANGE CANTILEVER TRUSSES Truss Webs W14x43 Steel Strong in Tension

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option WIDE FLANGE CANTILEVER TRUSSES Truss Webs W14x90 Additional Members in Compression

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option TRUSS CONNECTIONS Braces –Cap/Base Plates –Stiffener Plates –Gusset Plates –Assorted Angles –# of Bolts Varies Splices –88 Bolts (1” Diameter) –1½” Thick Plates

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option HSS RECTANGULAR TUBE BRACING 6”x6”x½” Vertical Chevron Braces 8”x8”x¼” Horizontal Tubes Below Each Floor Slab

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option ADDITIONAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Two 12” Thick Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls Composite Floor System –3¼” Lightweight Concrete on 2” Metal Deck –4” Shear Studs –Typical Beams: W21x44 & W24x55 Shallow Foundation –3000 psi, Normal Weight Concrete –Range From 1’-6” to 2’-6” Depth Seven Cylinder-shaped Concrete Caissons –6’ Diameter, Typically 12’ Deep –Supports Cantilever Columns

Structural System Location Introduction Existing Conditions Research Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option CANTILEVER STRUCTURE

Research Introduction Existing Conditions Structural System Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option CANTILEVERS Examples –Diving Platforms –Cranes –Cantilever Bridges Balance

Research Introduction Existing Conditions Structural System Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option FALLINGWATER Reinforced Concrete Dangerous Deflections Post-Tensioning

Research Introduction Existing Conditions Structural System Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option CHONGQING PUBLIC LIBRARY Reinforced Concrete 80’ Wide, 54’ Long Cantilever Section Concrete Truss System (dimensions in mm.)

Proposal Existing Conditions Structural System Research Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option It is reasonable to build? Advantages/Disadvantages? Cost Comparison? SUPERSTRUCTURE CONSIDERATIONS Tension Reinforcement Compression Reinforcement Balancing Weight

Structural Depth Structural System Research Proposal Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option Four Design Options 25’ Column Spacing Same Floor-Floor Heights CONCRETE TRUSS

Structural Depth Structural System Research Proposal Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option CONCRETE TRUSS

Structural Depth Structural System Research Proposal Cost Analysis Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option EFFECTS ON LATERAL SYSTEM Concrete Trusses –Act as Lateral Braces –Incredibly Rigid * Larger Building Weight Increases Seismic Loads * Requires Additional Shear Walls in ⊥ Direction * Greater Building Weight Means Larger Foundation

Cost Analysis Research Proposal Structural Depth Conclusions Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option CONCRETE TRUSS SYSTEM Values for Greensboro (R.S. Means 2005)

Cost Analysis Research Proposal Structural Depth Conclusions Questions Values for Greensboro (R.S. Means 2005) AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option COMPARISON * Total Building Cost: $14,000,000

Conclusions Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option Steel Braced Frame –Cheaper –Faster, More Precise Construction –Expansion Joint –Use of Composite Floor System Lighter Superstructure –Seismic Conditions –Smaller Foundation

Conclusions Proposal Structural Depth Cost Analysis Questions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option Compare Cantilever Designs Proved Steel Structure is Best Question the Signature Building

Questions Structural Depth Cost Analysis Conclusions AE Senior Thesis ’06 Mick Leso - Structural Option