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Meet human need for protection by neutralizing, eliminating, or destroying organisms invading the internal environment

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Found on surface of most body cells Determine tissue type of person Key for recognition and self-tolerance

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Immune system influenced by many systems (e.g., nervous system, endocrine system, GI system) Stem cells – Immature, undifferentiated cells; produced by bone marrow Leukocytes (WBCs) – Protect body from effects of invasion by organisms

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Any natural protective feature of a person Provides immediate protection against effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins—critical to health and well- being Causes visible symptoms and can rid body of harmful organisms; tissue damage may result from excessive response

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Occurs in response to tissue injury, invasion of organisms Usually accompanied by inflammation, but inflammation can occur without infection Inflammation does not always mean infection is present!

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Neutrophils Macrophages Basophils Eosinophils

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Five cardinal manifestations of inflammation: ◦Warmth ◦Redness ◦Swelling ◦Pain ◦Decreased function

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Stage I (vascular) – Change in blood vessels: ◦Phase I—constriction ◦Phase II—hyperemia & edema Stage II (cellular exudate) – Neutrophilia, pus Stage III (tissue repair and replacement) – WBCs trigger new blood vessel and growth (angiogenesis) and scar tissue formation

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Adaptive internal protection resulting in long-term resistance to effects of invading microorganisms Body must learn to generate specific immune responses when infected by or exposed to specific organisms

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Innate-native immunity—natural immunity Adaptive immunity Active immunity Natural active immunity

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Artificial active immunity Passive immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Also called cellular immunity Involves many WBC actions and interactions Another type of adaptive/acquired true immunity For total immunocompetence, CMI must function optimally

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Helps protect body through ability to differentiate self from non-self Prevents development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Hyperacute rejection Acute rejection Chronic rejection Management of transplant rejection Maintenance therapy Rescue therapy

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Immune function is most efficient when people are which age? A. Infancy B. Teen years C. 20 to 30 years D. 50 years and older

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. A 37-year-old man with polycystic kidney disease is on the kidney transplant list. He is to receive 2 units of leukocyte-poor packed red blood cells to treat a low hemoglobin. He asks the nurse why he needs this type of blood. What is the nurse’s best response? A.“All pre-transplant patients receive leukocyte-poor blood because it is absorbed better by the body.” B.“It causes fewer blood reactions for pre-transplant patients.” C.“It is less likely to causes hemolysis, or destruction of the blood cells, after transfusion.” D.“It will decrease the risk of obtaining white cells from the donor that could make it harder for your transplanted kidney to function.”

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. True or False: Inflammation means that an infection is present. A. True B. False