Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups (Organic Chemistry) Chapters 22 and 23

Organic In Chemistry, organic means “containing carbon” The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons which contain only Hydrogen and Carbon

Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and forms four covalent bonds. It is the basis for life on Earth.

Alkanes An alkane is a hydrocarbon that contains only single covalent bonds. Alkanes are nonpolar, do not mix with water, have weak van der Waals forces, and low boiling points.

Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes have double covalent bonds. (ene) Alkynes have triple covalent bonds. (yne)

Memorizing Alkanes NameMolecular Formula Methane (methyl)CH 4 Ethane (ethyl)C2H6C2H6 Propane (propyl)C3H8C3H8 Butane (butyl)C 4 H 10 Pentane (pentyl)C 5 H 12 Hexane (hexyl)C 6 H 14 Heptane (heptyl)C 7 H 16 Octane (octyl)C 8 H 18 Nonane (nonyl)C 9 H 20 Decane (decyl)C 10 H 22 You must memorize the names of the first 10 alkanes!

Naming Alkanes 1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons, name it. 2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the smallest numbers they can. 3. Name the branches based on how many carbons they have, and at what carbon they branch off of. 4. If the same branch appears twice, use di, 3 times use tri. 5. Put the branch names in alphabetical order.

Practice Name the following compound.

1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons, name it. Pentane 2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the smallest numbers they can.

3. Name the branches based on how many carbons they have, and at what carbon they branch off of. 2-methylpentane

Practice #2 Name the following compound.

1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons, name it. Pentane 2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the smallest numbers they can.

Lesson 7.0 Organic Chemistry 3. Name the branches based on how many carbons they have, and at what carbon they branch off of. 2,4-methylpentane 4. If branches appear twice, use di, 3 times use tri. 2,4-dimethylpentane

Practice #3 Name the following compound.

1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons, name it. Heptane 2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the smallest numbers they can.

Lesson 7.0 Organic Chemistry 3. Name the branches based on how many carbons they have, and at what carbon they branch off of. 2-methyl-3-ethylheptane* *this is NOT the final name of this molecule 5. Put the branch names in alphabetical order. 3-ethyl-2-methylheptane

Name this hydrocarbon

6-ethyl- 2-methyloctane

Name this hydrocarbon

4-ethyl-2,5-dimethylhexane

Name this hydrocarbon

2,2,5-trimethylheptane

Name this hydrocarbon

pentyne

Hydrocarbon rings Cyclic hydrocarbons are shaped like rings instead of chains. Benzene is a 6 carbon ring called an aromatic compound. Every other bond is a double bond.

Practice Complete the practice sheet, turn it in when you finish. This is homework if you don’t finish, due next class.

Functional Groups A functional group is a group of atoms added to a hydrocarbon.

Compound: Alcohol The alcohol group is –OH The functional group is called “hydroxyl” It is used in labs, hospitals, cosmetics, fuels, and beverages

Compound: Ether An ether is a carbon chain with an Oxygen atom in it (R-O-R) the R stands for a long Carbon chain The functional group is called “ether” It is used in anesthesia and perfume

Compound: Aldehyde Aldehydes end in the suffix “-al” It looks like this: The functional group is called carbonyl It’s used as a preservative and in flavoring

Compound: Ketone Ketones end in the suffix “-one” They look like this: The functional group is also called carbonyl They are used to make plastic and in nail polish remover

Compound: Carboxylic Acid The functional group looks like this: And it is called a carboxyl group They are used in vinegar and in making wine

Compound: Ester An ester functional group looks like this: It’s called an ester group and is used to make fruit flavors and fragrances

Compound: Amine An amine is –NH 2 attached to a long carbon chain It’s called an amino group, and it makes up proteins and DNA.

Functional Groups Compound TypeStructureFunctional GroupUses Alcohol (-ol)R-OHHydroxylLabs, hospitals, cosmetics, fuel EtherR-O-REtherAnesthesia, perfume Aldehyde (-al)CarbonylFlavoring, preservatives Ketone (-one)CarbonylPlastics, nail polish remover Carboxylic AcidCarboxylVinegar, wine Ester Fruit flavors, fragrances AmineR-NH 2 AminoProtein, DNA

Practice Read Chapters 22 and 23 in the red text book, and answer questions on page 719 in your notebooks.