The Development Impacts of Gender-Based Violence: Exploring the Bank’s Role Andrew Morrison Lead Economist, Gender and Development World Bank October 24, 2005

Development impacts include: Direct costs: goods and services provided to women, children and men Direct costs: goods and services provided to women, children and men Non-monetary costs: pain, suffering, ill-health and premature death Non-monetary costs: pain, suffering, ill-health and premature death Economic costs: earnings, productivity and growth Economic costs: earnings, productivity and growth Social costs: impact on children, inter- generational transmission of violence Social costs: impact on children, inter- generational transmission of violence

o Worldwide, more than nine million DALYs are lost annually because of rape and domestic violence against women. o These are more DALYs than those lost for all types of cancer. Source: Heise, Pitanguy y Germain, Non-monetary costs

In Mexico City, violence against women is the third most important source of DALYs lost: Source: Lozano, 1999.

Severe physical violence: impact on earnings in Santiago, Chile Santiago Mean monthly earnings Without abuseWith abuse US$ 61% less Source: Morrison and Orlando, 1999

Macroeconomic impact: foregone earnings  Chile: 2% of 1996 GDP  Nicaragua: 1.6% of 1996 GDP Source: Morrison and Orlando, 1999

Recent evidence from three Colombian cities…  Presence of domestic violence in the home (against women or children) lowers women’s earnings by 40%  Domestic violence increases likelihood of women’s unemployment by 6.4 percentage points  Foregone earnings amounted to 3.2% of 2003 GDP. Source: Ribero and Sanchez, 2005

Social multiplier costs  Inter-generational transmission of violence: children exposed to violence between parents are almost 3 times more likely engage in violence against their spouses (Ehrensaft et al., 2003)

 Other impacts on children: behavioral problems, including delinquencybehavioral problems, including delinquency emotional problems such as anxiety and angeremotional problems such as anxiety and anger inter-personal difficulties: mistrust of others, poor social skillsinter-personal difficulties: mistrust of others, poor social skills physical and health outcomes: low birth weight, psychosomatic symptomsphysical and health outcomes: low birth weight, psychosomatic symptoms cognitive problems: poor school performance (Klymchuk, 2005)cognitive problems: poor school performance (Klymchuk, 2005)

The bottom line…. Direct costs Non-monetary costs Economic costs Social costs Gender-based violence is a major barrier to economic development

And the Bank’s role is…  Not to duplicate what others do well  UNIFEM: Trust Fund to End Violence against Women, support for women’s organizations  WHO: Prevalence data, health sector guidelines  UN Special Rapporteur and IACHR: urgent appeals, fact-finding visits, annual reports  Do no harm—the Hippocratic approach to development policy  Identify opportunities in areas where the Bank has a comparative advantage

Policy dialogue: support the development of comprehensive national or local plans to address gender-based violence q At the national level: PLANOVI in Costa Rica, HazPaz in Colombia q At the state or municipal level: Santiago, Chile q Among particular groups: indigenous communities in Guatemala

Health sector operations Promote sector-wide policies on screening, referral, documentation and counseling Promote sector-wide policies on screening, referral, documentation and counseling Strengthen institutional screening and referral protocols Strengthen institutional screening and referral protocols Train health care personnel Train health care personnel Articulate public/private/NGO prevention and treatment efforts Articulate public/private/NGO prevention and treatment efforts Change community norms on gender-based violence using a public health approach Change community norms on gender-based violence using a public health approach

Justice sector operations Improve laws and policies Improve laws and policies revision of civil, family and criminal code revision of civil, family and criminal code legal tools such as protection orders legal tools such as protection orders Strengthen institutional response Strengthen institutional response training training but also procedures, protocols and modernization but also procedures, protocols and modernization Increase community mobilization in defense of women’s rights Increase community mobilization in defense of women’s rights Legal training for key groups Legal training for key groups NGO provision of legal aid and other services NGO provision of legal aid and other services Dissemination of new legislation Dissemination of new legislation

Education sector operations Develop sectoral policy statement on sexual violence and harassment Develop sectoral policy statement on sexual violence and harassment Strengthen educational institutions’ response to gender- based violence Strengthen educational institutions’ response to gender- based violence training training codes of conduct codes of conduct counseling counseling school-based prevention programs. school-based prevention programs. Involve parents and the community in monitoring safety in schools and decreasing tolerance for sexual harassment and violence Involve parents and the community in monitoring safety in schools and decreasing tolerance for sexual harassment and violence