Earlier Explorations 1.Silk Road Spice Trade 2.Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” 3.A New Player  Europe Marco Polo- Italy, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships.

Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

Zheng He’s Voyages In 1498, Da Gama (Portuguese) reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

Isolationist China 1644 Manchu's from Manchuria invaded China- Overthrew Ming Dynasty ( ) Qing Dynasty established –Remained isolationist country until Europeans would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor The Dutch from The Netherlands did this!

A Map of the Known World, pre How do we know that the cartographer had limited info??

Motives for European Exploration 1.Luxury Goods- want a faster and safer trade route to Asia. 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue  Monarchs wanted new ways to get $. 4.Technology advances. 5.Fame and fortune. 6.Want to stop the spread of Islam- Spread Christianity! The Three G’s Gold God Glory

New Technologies Astrolabe From Where?? Arabia Better Maps [created by cartographers] Sextant Mariner’s Compass From Where?? China

New Weapons Technology Rudder Triangular Lateen Sails Shallow Hull Gunpowder and guns!

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation in Portugal

Portugal First country to search for gold and spices by sea; wanted to increase trade!

Portuguese Empire 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2.Vasco da Gama, Calicut, India.

Spain Wanted to conquer –Use land to become wealthy –Convert people to Christianity Treaty of Tordesillas –Pope Alexander VI, split the unexplored world in half through the Atlantic from North to South Poles.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Divided the world into two parts, one for Spain, one for Portugal Portugal’s Spain’s

Japan Japan divided into warring states which welcomed outside traders Japan united by Tokugawa Shogunate – *Japan closes itself off from the world » **Ideas & Trade

Christopher Columbus [ ]

Columbus’ Four Voyages Columbus Explored In The Islands of the Caribbean Sea

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

Global Trade New agricultural products –Sugar, tobacco, coffee, siliver mining Expensive to trade- need financial backer Joint-stock companies=individual merchants combined resources, shared profits/risks of trading voyage Some companies had government support/protection (Dutch East India Trading Company

Mercantilism Defined: State’s power dependent upon its wealth Goal of every nation is to gain wealth Gain wealth by mining or trading –In trade, want to export more than you import –Governments help exporting businesses (monopolies, tariffs) Colonies- source of raw materials, market for exports

Global Exchange Population growth in Europe Worldwide exchange of people, goods, tech, ideas, diseases Rise of capitalism- economic system based on private ownership and investing resources for profit

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Liquor  GUNS

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

Treasures from the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

European Empires in the Americas

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2.Dutch arrive in India in English start sailing, as well.

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened European rivalries.