IP addresses and address management Miwa Fujii APNIC, Training Officer

Contents Introduction to IP addressing –IP addresses –Routing IP address management –History of address management –The role of RIRs –About RIPE NCC and APNIC The future –IPv6

What is an IP Address?

“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…” by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)

“On the Internet…” you are nothing but an IP address!

What is an IP address? An IP address is NOT a domain name It is an identifier that includes necessary information to reach a network location Each network location has an IP address Reaching a location is achieved via the Internet routing system

IP addresses Are either IPv4 or IPv6 IPv4: 32-bit* number –4 billion different host addresses –E.g IPv6: 128-bit* number –16 billion billion network addresses –E.g. 2001:0400:3c00:a:b:c:d:1 * bit = binary digit

My Computerwww.gov.uz 2001:0C00:8888::2001:0600:: ? :0600:: IP addresses are not domain names The Internet DNS

What else is an IP address? Internet infrastructure address Uniquely assigned to infrastructure elements Globally visible to the entire Internet A finite “common resource” Never “owned” by address users Not dependent upon the DNS

Where do IP addresses come from? IPv4 IPv6 Allocation Assignment end user * In some cases via an NIR such as KRNIC *

Routing

What is a router? A device in the network that processes and routes data between two points A device that routes data between networks using IP addressing A layer 3 device Hardware or software used to connect two or more networks

How does routing work? The routing system is normally hierarchical Each part of the hierarchy provides specific detail This detail enables traffic to flow from one network to another It works in a similar manner to telephone routing

Telephone network routing Global Local National Prefix table … Prefix table 237…237… Prefix table …

Internet address routing The Internet Traffic Announce /21 Global Routing Table 4.128/ / / /16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/ / / / /21 … /25

Internet address routing Local Routing Table / /25 Traffic /

Global Internet routing The Internet Global routing table 4.128/ / / /16 … Net

IP address aggregation ISP D ISP C ISP A ISP B Internet Aggregation (Non-portable Assignments) (4 routes) ISP D ISP C ISP A ISP B Internet (Portable Assignments) No Aggregation (21 routes)

Regional Internet Registries

What are RIRs? Industry self-regulatory structures –Open membership-based bodies –Representative of ISPs globally –Service organisations –Non-profit, neutral and independent –100% self-funded by membership First established in early 1990s –Voluntarily by consensus of community –To satisfy emerging technical/admin needs In the “Internet Tradition” –Consensus-based, open and transparent

The early years: 1981 – 1992 “The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.” (RFC 790) 1981:

The boom years: 1992 – 2001 “It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366) “…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338) 1992:

Recent years: 2002 – : Number Resource Organization

What do RIRs do? Internet resource allocation –Primarily, IP addresses – IPv4 and IPv6 –Receive resources from IANA/ICANN, and redistribute to ISPs on a regional basis –Registration services (“whois”) Policy development and coordination –Open Policy Meetings and processes Training and outreach –Training courses, seminars, conferences –Liaison: IETF, ITU, APT, PITA, APEC Publications –Newsletters, reports, web site

RIR policy development process OPEN TRANSPARENT‘BOTTOM UP’ Anyone can participate All decisions and policies documented and freely available to anyone Internet community proposes and approves policy Need DiscussEvaluate Implement Consensus

What is APNIC? RIR for Asia Pacific region –Established 1993, Tokyo –1472 members in 49 of 62 AP economies –52 staff, 19 nationality/language groups Membership and community services Other activities –Outreach –Liaison: IETF, APT, PITA, APEC, ISP-A’s –ITU Sector Member –UN ECOSOC consultative status –Deployment of root servers

APNIC services Internet resource allocations –“MyAPNIC” secure membership portal –Multilingual helpdesk – , phone, chat, VOIP* Open Policy Meetings –Twice annually –Webcast and remote participation –Stenocaptioning Training and education –Technical workshops: Routing, DNS, Security Internet support –Fellowships –R&D grants funding –ORDIG – ISP support website

What is RIPE NCC? RIR for Europe and the Middle East –Established 1992, Amsterdam –More than 5000 members from throughout Europe and the Middle East –Around 100 staff, from a broad range of nationality/language groups Membership and community services Other activities –Outreach with governments and industry-related organisations –Management of one of the 13 root name servers (K-root) –Deployment of a routing database –Co-ordination support for ENUM delegations –Neutral measuring network, providing public and authoritative Internet operation statistics

RIPE NCC services Internet resource allocations –Secure LIR portal RIPE meetings –Twice annually –Webcast and remote participation –Regional meetings Training and education, including E-Learning –Technical training on Routing Registry and DNS for LIRs Internet support

RIR Open Policy Meetings

APNIC 24 – New Delhi, India

APNIC 25 - Taipei, Taiwan With APRICOT 2008 – – February 2008 Taipei

RIPE 55 - Amsterdam

RIPE NCC Regional Meetings Moscow, Russia 2 – 3 October 2007 Moscow, Russia

The future: IPv6

IPv4 lifetime - UPDATE IANA allocations RIR allocations Addresses routed Historical DataProjectionReclamation?

Rationale for IPv6 IPv4 address space consumption –Now 3-5 years space remaining –These are today’s projections – reality will definitely be different Alternative solutions examined - Recover unused historical IPv4 address space – De-aggregation –Would only extend IPv4 lifetime a few years –Legal ramifications –Ability to recover is limited under current policies - Use of Network Address Translator (NAT) –Originally designed to extend life of IPv4 –Cannot cater for large networks – Road blocks: Peer to peer, security (IPsec), QoS ( VoIP and real time video)

Questions?