1. Internet Addressing and the RIR system
11 February 2004
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Paul Wilson, APNIC
Information about APNIC Training courses can be found at:

2. Overview I What is an IP address? IP address management
What types of IP addresses are there?
IP address management
Evolution of IP address management
Introduction to APNIC
What is APNIC?
Cover quickly

3. Internet Protocol Addresses
What are they like and how do they behave?

4. “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…”
by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)

5. “On the Internet…” you are nothing but an IP Address!

6. Internet for everything!
importance of proper management of ip addresses

7. What is an IP Address?

8. Overview What is an IP address? Internet address routing
…and what it is not
Internet address routing
What is an IP address like?
IP address characteristics

9. What is an Address?
An identifier which includes information about how to find its subject
(according to some rules of interpretation)
Normally hierarchical
Each part provides more specific detail
For example…
Room x, Level M, Sunway Hotel Phnom Penh, Cambodia

10. What is an IP address?
Internet identifier including information about how to reach a location
(via the Internet routing system)
IPv4: 32-bit* number
4 billion different addresses available
IPv6: 128-bit number
340 billion billion billion billion addresses available
For example…
(a computer)
/24 (APNIC’s network)
* bit = binary digit

11. Internet address routing
The Internet
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
/20
135.22/16
/24 …
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
/20
135.22/16 …
Announce
/24
Traffic
/24
/24

12. Internet address routing
Traffic
Local Routing Table
/25
/25
Local Router

13. What else is an IP address?
IP addresses are…
Internet infrastructure addresses
a finite Public Resource
not “owned” by address users
not dependent upon the DNS
IP does not mean “Intellectual Property”

14. IP addresses vs domain names
The Internet
DNS ?
addresses flows between addresses
My Computer

15. IP Address Characteristics

16. ? What is “my” address? IP Address = Network interface address
Not a computer’s address
Nor a person’s address
Modem
802.11 ?
One computer can have many addreses
LAN
IPv4
IPv6

17. Is “my” address permanent?
No - Customer addresses often change
Dialup addresses are “dynamic”…
ISP

18. Is “my” address unique? Not necessarily… Public IP address = unique
Private* IP address = non-unique
ISP
ISP
NAT / firewall
/24
* RFC 1918

19. Summary so far IP Addresses identify location
Provide specific information for routing
IP Addresses identify interfaces
Not computers, companies or users
IP Addresses often change
And may not be unique

20. IP Address Management

21. Overview Early address management Evolution of address management
Address management today
Address policy development

22. Address Management – pre 1992
RFC 1261
1991
RFC 1020
1987
RFC1020: INTERNET NUMBERS
“The responsibility for the assignment of IP numbers and ASNs has been assumed by Hostmaster at the DDN Network Information Center (NIC). The Hostmaster staff are indebted to Dr. Jon Postel and Ms. Joyce Reynolds of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California for their ongoing assistance.”
RFC1261: TRANSITION OF NIC SERVICES
“The transition of the Network Information Center from SRI International in Menlo Park, CA, to Government Systems Inc. in Chantilly, VA, is officially scheduled for 1 October This includes the transition of services currently offered to DDN and Internet users by SRI. These services include network/user registration (i.e., network number and top level domain name assignment), on-line information services, and Help Desk operations. GSI will also continue RFC and Internet-Draft archive and distribution services.”
RFC790: ASSIGNED NUMBERS
“This RFC will be updated periodically, and in any case current information can be obtained from Jon Postel. The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.” …
“This list of network numbers is used in the internet address [33]. The Internet Protocol (IP) uses a 32 bit address and divides that address into a network part and a "rest" or local address part. The division takes 3 forms or classes.”
“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.”
RFC 790
1981

23. Address Management – 1990’s
Global routing table: ’88 - ’92
Address Management – 1990’s
Early 1990’s: Internet scaling problems
Address depletion
due to classful architecture (A, B, C)
Routing table overload
Due to lack of route aggregation

24. Address Management – 1990’s
Internet widely projected to fail
Growth would stop by mid-’90s
Urgent measures required
Action taken by IETF / Internet community
1993: Development of “CIDR”
addressed both technical problems
Address depletion
Through more accurate assignment
Routing table overload
Through address space aggregation
RFC
1517
RFC
1518
RFC
1519

25. Classful & Classless addressing
Best Current
Practice
Classful
Classless
Hosts
Prefix
Classful
... 8
/29 16
/28 32
/27 64
/26
128
/25
256
/24
1 C
4096
/20
16 C
8192
/19
32 C
16384
32768
65536
/18
/17
/16
64 C
128 C
1 B
16K networks x 64K hosts
128 networks x 16M hosts A B
2M networks x 256 hosts C
Obsolete
inefficient
depletion of B space
too many routes from C space
Classful address architecture is obsolete. Classless is best current practice and expected.
Network boundaries may occur at any bit

26. Address Management – 1992- Administrative problems remained
Greater complexity of CIDR-based allocations
Increasing awareness of conservation and aggregation goals
Need for fairness and consistency
RFC 1366 (1992)
Described the “growth of the Internet and its increasing globalization”
Additional complexity of address management
Set out the basis for a regionally distributed Internet registry system
RFC
1366

27. Address Management – 1992- Establishment of RIRs
APNIC, ARIN, RIPE NCC (LACNIC later)
Regional open processes
Cooperative policy development
Industry self-regulatory model
bottom up
APNIC
ARIN
RIPE NCC
LACNIC
APNIC
community
ARIN
community
RIPE
community
LACNIC
community

28. Address Management – Today

29. Address Management – Today
IPv4 IPv6
IANA
Allocation
RIR
Allocation
This path is followed by every address that’s in use
ISP
Assignment
User

30. Where can I get IP addresses?/8
APNIC A
ISP
/12
Member Allocation
1. Allocation from APNIC/NIR (A)
2. Sub-allocation from upstream ISP (B) B
Sub-allocation
/22
End-user
1. Non-portable assignment from ISP (C) C C D
2. Portable assignment from APNIC (D)
end-user
end-user
end-user
/26
/24
/24
Assignments

31. Questions ?

32. What is APNIC?
This section provides the audience a with the background and history behind the existing RIR system and APNIC.
References

33. What is APNIC?
Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for the Asia Pacific Region
Regional authority for Internet Resource distribution
IP addresses (IPv4 and IPv6), AS numbers, reverse DNS delegation
Established 1993
Operating within ICANN (IANA) structure
Pilot project of APNG in Tokyo, Japan
Relocated to Brisbane, Australia in 1998

34. About APNIC Industry self-regulatory body Membership-based structure
Participation by those who need and use Internet resources
Consensus-based, open and transparent
Non-profit, neutral and independent
Membership-based structure
Open to any interested party
Provides formal structure for cost recovery, election of representatives etc

35. APNIC mission statement
“Addressing the challenge of responsible Internet resource distribution in the Asia Pacific region.”

36. What does APNIC do? Resource services
IPv4, IPv6, ASNs
Reverse DNS
Policy coordination and implementation
Open bottom-up, self-regulatory
Membership reviews and approves policy
Resource registration
Authoritative server: whois

37. What else does APNIC do? APNIC meetings Information dissemination
Apster
Web and ftp site mailing lists
Training courses & open seminars
Subsidised for APNIC members
Infrastructure services
Rootserver deployment in 2003

38. APNIC is not… Not a network operator
Does not provide networking services
Only selected infrastructure services
Not a standards body
Does not develop technical standards
Works within IETF in relevant areas (eg IPv6)
Not a domain name registry or registrar
Will refer queries to relevant parties
APNIC is not a network operator, but we work together with APRICOT (Asia Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies). We organise one meeting per year together with them.
APNIC does not develop new protocols and standards. APNIC does however work together with the IETF in many areas. An example of this is when the IPv6 policy was developed, the RIR communities had many discussions with the IETF ensure that the policies developed were in line with the architectural design of IPv6)
APNIC is not involved in administering the Domain Name System (DNS) and has no responsibility for registration of domain names.

39. APNIC partners Other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
ARIN, RIPE NCC, LACNIC, (AfriNIC)
Other Internet organisations
IANA, ICANN, IETF, IEPG, ISOC etc.
Other groups
ITU, PITA, SANOG etc etc
Asia Pacific Internet bodies
APNG, APIA, APAN, APTLD, APRICOT
Co-founder of APRICOT

40. Where is APNIC?
There are four existing RIRs today (APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC & RIPE NCC)
LACNIC started up as a fully operational RIR in October 2002
AfriNIC is not operational yet.
The APNIC region covers 62 economies from mongolia far north, western samoa in the pacific, far west as pakistan.

41. APNIC region 850 members in 42 economies
Ref

42. APNIC Membership
This section provides the audience a with the background and history behind the existing RIR system and APNIC.
References

43. APNIC membership

44. APNIC membership

45. Membership sub-regions

46. How to become a member Yes No Yes Applying for APNIC membership
1. Read the following documents:
APNIC allocation and assignment policies, Membership Agreement, Fee Schedule, APNIC Definition Document, By-laws
2. Complete the Membership application.
When you submit the form, you will receive an with a copy of your application details.
3. Indicate whether or not you will be needing Internet resources.
3.1. If yes, complete a resource application and submit to APNIC
3.1.1 If you qualify for a minimum allocation, you will proceed to next step
3.1.2 If you do not qualify for a minimum allocation, you will be asked whether or not you wish to continue with the application.
3.1.2a If you still wish to become a member, you will continue the application process to become an associate member.
3.2. If you do not wish Internet resources, you will continue the application process to become an associate member.
4. APNIC will your account name to you.
APNIC account names take the form XXXXXX-XX (eg. ACME-FJ), where the last two letters are the ISO 3166 country code assigned to each country. This account name should be included in all subsequent communications, including the return of the membership agreement, payments to APNIC, and requests for resources.
5. APNIC will post you the membership package which contains:
Membership agreement, Fee schedule, By-laws, Definitions document, Invoice, Payment instructions
6. Sign and return both copies of the membership agreement and pay the invoice.
7. APNIC will sign both copies of the membership agreement and return one copy to you.
8. You are now an APNIC member.

47. Membership fee structure
Membership tier
Annual fee (US$)
IPv4 space held
IPv6 space held
Associate
$625
None
Very small
$1,250
< (incl) /22
< (incl) /35
Small
$2,500
/22 - (incl) /19
/35 - (incl) /32
Medium
$5,000
/19 - (incl) /16
/32 - (incl) /29
Large
$10,000
/16 - (incl) /13
/29 - (incl) /26
Very large
$20,000
/13 - (incl) /10
/26 - (incl) /23
Extra large
$40,000
> /10
> /23
For more information see:

48. Benefits of APNIC membership
Free attendance at APNIC Members Meetings
Resource Services & Registration Services
Participation in APNIC community
Voting rights at APNIC Meetings
Influence in APNIC Activities
Subsidised APNIC training
About APNIC membership
Joining APNIC gives organisations access to all APNIC services, including requests for allocation and registration of Internet address resources, and attendance at specialised training courses. APNIC membership also gives organisations a voice in regional Internet operations through participation in APNIC's policy development processes and voting rights at APNIC member meetings.
NOT: Automatic or easier resource allocation

49. Internet Registry structure

50. APNIC services & activities
Resources Services
IPv4, IPv6, ASN, reverse DNS
Policy development
Approved and implemented by membership
APNIC whois db
whois.apnic.net
Registration of resources
Information dissemination
APNIC meetings
Web and ftp site
Mailing lists
Open for anyone!
Training Courses
Subsidised for members
Co-ordination & liaison
With membership, other RIRs & other Internet Orgs.
APNIC’s core services are the resources services, providing IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, AS numbers and reverse DNS services to its members.
APNIC coordinates the development of address policy which is approved and implemented by the membership. APNIC also maintains the APNIC whois database in which all Internet resources are registered. This will be disussed in detail later in this course.
As discussed, APNIC organises Open Policy Meetings twice a year, they maintain a web and ftp site and open mailing lists where issues relevant to the Internet is discussed.

51. Questions ?

52. Thanks