“Tools” of Foreign Policy

(Actions taken in pursuit of interests) “Tools” of Foreign Policy National Interests Foreign Policy (Actions taken in pursuit of interests) “Tools” of Foreign Policy (Specific actions)

“Carrot – and – stick” Originated from the traditional alternatives of getting a donkey to move by either holding out a carrot or whipping it with a stick.

Carrot–and–stick foreign policy: The phrase ''carrot and the stick'' is used nowadays to characterize a foreign policy by which a nation…

Key “Tools” of Foreign Policy What are they? The specific actions … Three groups:

Diplomatic Tools Diplomacy: “Tool of first resort” used to resolve differences peacefully. Carried out by (Official representatives of a country).

Current Secretary of State?

Negotiates agreements with foreign countries. Secretary of State heads State Department Advises President on Negotiates agreements with foreign countries. Represents the U.S. abroad and in international organizations.

Diplomacy may involve summits (face to face talks) between world leaders / heads of state. Bilateral summits Multilateral summit

Diplomatic Relations: The formal contact established between two governments that Diplomatic recognition is extended to each other’s governments. _____________________are exchanged. _______________________are opened in each other’s capitals.

Marines Guarding U.S. Embassy in Baghdad

Countries the U.S. does NOT have diplomatic relations with: * Iran Bhutan Taiwan*

Diplomacy can lead to formation of alliances. Formal agreements between nations to defend each other in the case of attack. Based on the idea of collective security.

Our most important alliance? NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO meeting at NATO headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.

NATO’s Expansion: 28 Members Today 1949 U.S. Canada U.K. France Italy Portugal Iceland Norway Belgium Netherlands Denmark Luxembourg 1952 Greece Turkey 1955 West Germany 1982 Spain 1990 East Germany 1999 Poland Hungary Czech Republic 2004 Slovenia Slovakia Bulgaria Romania Estonia Latvia Lithuania 2009 Croatia Albania

NATO Today

Major “Non-NATO Allies” of the U.S. South Korea Japan Thailand Philippines Morocco Egypt Jordan Israel Kuwait Qatar Pakistan Argentina Australia New Zealand

Sanctions are punishments or penalties imposed on a targeted Diplomatic Sanctions Sanctions are punishments or penalties imposed on a targeted state to persuade that state to change its behavior. Examples of diplomatic sanctions: Breaking off relations.

Relations Between States Remember: Eddie’s Dad Raised Normal Ducks Engagement Détente Rapprochement Normalization Diplomatic Relations Terms Related to Diplomacy and Attempts to Improve Relations Between States Remember: Eddie’s Dad Raised Normal Ducks

Terms Related to Diplomacy A policy of involvement with another country through direct talks and negotiations in an effort to improve relations.

Terms Related to Diplomacy An easing of tensions or a decrease in the level of hostility between states.

Terms Related to Diplomacy Means “to approach” or come together with the intent of establishing or reestablishing friendly relations. Describes a reconciliation between nations that have had poor relations.

Terms Related to Diplomacy The establishment or reestablishment of full diplomatic relations between nations. The governments extend recognition to each other at this point.

Economic Tools Economic rewards: Foreign Aid

0.6% What percentage of the U.S. federal budget is spent on foreign aid? 0.6% What percentage of the U.S. federal budget should go towards foreign aid?

Economic Rewards (con’t) The lifting (removal) of ________________

Economic Punishments: Sanctions Boycotts Refusal to buy Cut off all trade Trade restrictions: Taxes on imports Quotas Limits on imports

Economic Sanctions Are Controversial l Critics say... They can backfire by isolating sanctioned countries or causing their leaders to become even more repressive or aggressive. They hurt U.S. businesses by cutting the markets in which they can sell their products. Discussion on Failure of Sanctions

III. Tools Related to Military Force Part of a policy of coercion (Attempting to force or compel another state to do something) Carries high costs and serious risks. Human lives are at stake.

The strategic positioning of military forces around the world. Using Military Force … Many Options: The strategic positioning of military forces around the world.

Would include… Clandestine activities Secret / undercover Subversive activities. Designed to undermine/ overthrow a government. Espionage Spying Covert CIA Op Valerie Plame

“Boots on the Ground” Iraq Afghanistan