DNA-->RNA-->Protein-->Trait Protein Synthesis DNA-->RNA-->Protein-->Trait

One Gene one Protein Beadle and Tatum Worked with the Mold Neurospora. Looked at metabolic pathway to synthesize the amino acid Arginine

Studies of inherited metabolic disorders first suggested that phenotype is expressed through proteins Studies of the bread mold Neurospora crassa led to the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/1552/1589869/web_tut/21_04/21_04_01a.swf (has a narrator) http://www.dnalc.org/view/16360-Animation-16-One-gene-makes-one-protein-.html (no narrator) Figure 10.6B

Mutate wild type fungus *Supply all mutant isolates with complete media *Grow purified mutants with minimal media to find nutritional mutants *Determine what is the nutritional limitation  find mutation

There for the gene used to produce an enzyme that helps cells manufacture Arginine amino acid was mutated in that fungal strain

. Beadle and Tatum This may not be totally accurate

Central Dogma Overview: http://www. wiley

RNA vs DNA Differences between the two nucleotides Sugar Ribose instead of deoxyribose Nitrogenous bases Uracil instead of Thymine

Types of RNA rRNA tRNA M-RNA HnRNA Ribosomes are made or rRNA and Proteins tRNA Folded into the “t” shape and carry an amino acid on the end M-RNA Single Stranded HnRNA SNRPs

rRNA and Proteins

tRNA

Central Dogma Overview: http://www. wiley

Transcription vs Translation Transcription (DNA to RNA) Copying mRNA from DNA Promotor sequence Some are modified before leaving nucleus (Eukaryotes) Prokaryotes are not modified Translation (RNA to Amino Acid) Initiation Elongation Termination

Transcription Sense vs Antisense. Sense strant is the coding strand and would have the same sequence as the mRNA with U’s replacing T’s. The Antisense strand is the strand that is transcribed. ↓Template strand RNA polymerase Reads DNA template 3’5’, writes mRNA 5’ 3’

Transcription Promotor RNA Polymerase Nucleoside Triphosphates transcription detail: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp12/1202001.html http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/13-transcription-advanced.html Detailed realistic model http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf simple animation Promotor Site that the RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to begin the process of Transcription RNA Polymerase Enzyme that reads 3’5’ and writes a 5’3’ mRNA Nucleoside Triphosphates The nucleotides that are put in by the polymerases Terminator Sequence that will code for a releasing factor

transcription detail: http://bcs. whfreeman transcription detail: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp12/1202001.html http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/13-transcription-advanced.html Detailed realistic model http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf simple animation Transcription

Processing or not

Splicing (Eukaryotes) http://www.four-h.purdue.edu/apple_genomics/flash/movie3.swf Splicing (Eukaryotes) http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp14/1402001.html http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter14/animation_quiz_3.html

Cap and Tail Summary- eukaryotic control of gene expression mRNA Processing: The Movie from the “Virtual Cell Animation collection: molecular and Cellular biology http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/mrnaprocessing/movie-flash.htm Summary- eukaryotic control of gene expression http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter16/control_of_gene_expression_in_eukaryotes.html

Summary of Translation Intro overview https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__how_translation_works.html Summary of Translation Step by step http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf

Ribosome Sites

Ribosome Sites http://bcs. whfreeman

mRNA codes for AA http://bcs. whfreeman Degenerate Code

Translation T-RNA molecules are matched to the proper amino acid by an enzyme. Initiation, elongation, and translocation, and termination Location and Process http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/16-translation-advanced.html

Ribosome

Mutations and Protein Synthesis Can produce new alleles Must be in the gametes to be passed on Types of Mutations Point Can be harmless because of redundency (Degenerate) of code Chromosomal Duplication Inversion Translocation Deletion

Point Mutation and Frame Shift

Point Mutation and Sickle Cell http://www. cleanvideosearch

Outcome of Sicke Cell

Translocation

Inversion

Deletion

Duplication

Ribosome with tRNA and Amino Acids