Advanced Human Trafficking in the State of Texas TCOLE Course #: 3271 Hosted By Bexar County Constable ’ s Office PCT#4 Constable Robert M. Blount UNIT TWO

2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning Objective 2.0: Learning Objective 2.0: The participant will be able to define the difference between sex and labor Human Trafficking Learning Objective 2.1: Learning Objective 2.1: The participant will be able to identify the two types of Trafficking that comprise human trafficking. Learning Objective 2.2: Learning Objective 2.2: The participant will be able to define sex trafficking. Learning Objective 2.3: Learning Objective 2.3: The participant will be able to define labor trafficking. Learning Objective 2.4: Learning Objective 2.4: The participant will be able to recognize that movement of a victim is not required for human trafficking to occur 2

3 Learning Objective 2.5: Learning Objective 2.5: The participant will be able to identify the differences between human trafficking and smuggling. Learning Objective 2.6: Learning Objective 2.6: The participant will be able to identify two examples of persons who could be human traffickers. Learning Objective 2.7: Learning Objective 2.7: The participant will be able to explain exploitation of the victim is a key element in Human Trafficking. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Continued

UNIT TWO 2.0 HUMAN TRAFFICKING DEFINED DEFINED 4

5 Human trafficking is a new name for slave labor or involuntary servitude. It is an economic enterprise built on a foundation of a living, breathing commodity, humans. This concept makes it extremely profitable as the commodity does not need to be replenished once sold or used 2.0

6 Human trafficking victims are exploited for commercial sex or labor purposes with the most common involving primarily women being forced to work in the sex industry as a prostitute, exotic dancer or entertainer. 2.0

7 Children are most often victims of the commercial sex trade, which operates worldwide, along with being forced into armies as combatants, used as domestic servants or in sweatshops. Although most victims of trafficking are women and children, men are also victims 2.0

8 Men are most often forced to labor in agricultural fields to harvest crops, but may also be forced to work in construction, restaurants, or the sex industry. 2.0

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) defines trafficking as: sex trafficking sex a. sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; HUMAN TRAFFICKING DEFINED

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11 labor servitude b. the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery HUMAN TRAFFICKING DEFINED – Cont’d

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13 location A victim need not be physically transported from one location to another in order for the crime to fall within these definitions. 2.1

2.2 Define SEX TRAFFICKING Sex trafficking involves the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is under the age of eighteen years old. 14

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2.3 Define Labor Trafficking Labor trafficking Labor trafficking is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery. 16

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18 Labor trafficking may arise in situations were exploitation can easily occur, such as domestic servitude, restaurant work, janitorial work, sweatshop factory work, and migrant agricultural work. 2.3 Define Labor Trafficking Continued

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20 Although sex-trafficking and labor trafficking has differing definitional elements, both contain three vital components: force, fraud, and coercion. A. Traffickers exploit their victims through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. B. Exploitation is a key element to the crime of human trafficking. 2.3 Define Labor Trafficking Continued

2.4 Movement of victim not required for human trafficking to occur A. prerequisite A. The physical movement of the victim is not a prerequisite of human trafficking. B. home B. Trafficking may occur in a home setting, generally with children being trafficked for commercial sex. 21

22  Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery.  Victims of trafficking are exploited for commercial sex or labor purposes.  Traffickers use force, fraud, or coercion to control their victims. HUMAN TRAFFICKING CONCEPTS 2.4

23  Exploitation is a key element to the crime of human trafficking.  The physical movement of the victim is not a prerequisite  The physical movement of the victim is not a prerequisite. 2.4

2.5 Differences between human trafficking and smuggling 24

2.5 Trafficking person  Crime or violation against a person coercion  Contains element of coercion (victim cannot consent to enslavement) debt  Subsequent exploitation (forced labor for debt ) 25

26 domestically  Can occur domestically victims  Trafficked individuals seen as victims Trafficking - Continued 2.5

2.5 Smuggling  Crime against the nation’s sovereignty  No coercion, contact ends after entry  Fees paid in advance or upon arrival 27

28  Always international in nature  Individuals making illegal entry are seen as violators or victims 2.5 Smuggling Continued

29 SUMMARY TRAFFICKING VS SMUGGLING Trafficking  Crime or violation against a person  Contains element of coercion (victim cannot consent to enslavement)  Subsequent exploitation (forced labor for debt)  Can occur domestically  Trafficked individuals seen as victims Smuggling  Crime against the nation’s sovereignty  No coercion, contact ends after entry  Fees paid in advance or upon arrival  Always international in nature  Individuals making illegal entry are seen as violators 2.5

2.6 WHO ARE HUMAN TRAFFICKERS? 30  Friends and family members  Organized criminal groups local gangslocal gangs drug trafficking organizationsdrug trafficking organizations  Smugglers  Pimps /madams

31 FRESH MEAT

32  Adult entertainment industry  Massage parlor operators  Labor subcontractors 2.6 WHO ARE HUMAN TRAFFICKERS? Continued

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2.7 Exploitation of the victim is a “KEY” element in Human Trafficking Vulnerabilitydesire A. Vulnerability : The desire for a better life is one of the principle factors that make human trafficking victims vulnerable. Poverty or poor “home” situations are generally considered the main motivators of victims. Victims search for economic opportunities without 34

35 Vulnerability powerless A. Vulnerability - Cont’d: being aware of the potential dangers as they believe false promises of stable employment. The victims are powerless to change their economic situation unless they seek work outside their local area. In the case of domestic minor’s they are generally seeking to escape a family situation they believe is unfit or unfulfilling. 2.7

36 B.Recruitment: B. Recruitment: Voluntary vs. Force Trust Trust is a key factor to exploiting victims. profitable The recruiters build trust using promises of profitable work or by establishing themselves as a friend who deeply cares about the victim’s circumstance 2.7

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38 B.Recruitment: B. Recruitment: Voluntary vs. Force fraud In either case the recruiter uses fraud to exploit the victim into being a trafficked person. force Recruitment by force is where the victim is abducted or coerced into being a human trafficking victim. 2.7

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40 C.Exploitation: isolated C. Exploitation: Exploitation usually begins once the victim is isolated from support networks, either physically or emotionally. identification Traffickers will seize identification documents and limit the victim’s ability to communicate with anyone other than traffickers. debt Victims will be told they have incurred a debt that must be 2.7

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42 C.Exploitation – Cont’d: C. Exploitation – Cont’d: by working under the trafficker’s rules in either a labor or sex trade. Freedom Freedom is promised but seldom obtained since the debt will grow as the trafficker provides housing and food for amounts that exceed the victim’s “wages”. torture Physical and psychological abuse and torture are used to gain the compliance of the victim. 2.7

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44 C.Exploitation – Cont’d: C. Exploitation – Cont’d: terms Once compliance is obtained the victim has resolved that their situation will not change until they have met the “ terms ” of their debt. routine The abuse becomes a part of the victim’s routine so they come to see it as “normal”. living The abuse may include living and working in the same space, loss of personal documents and identity, 2.7

45 C.Exploitation – Cont’d: monitored C. Exploitation – Cont’d: crowded conditions with no personal space or belongings and being monitored by guards or surveillance systems. D.Resolution: rescue escapedeath D. Resolution: Resolution may come in several forms; rescue, escape or death 2.7

46 D.Resolution – Cont’d: D. Resolution – Cont’d: Rescue will result in the victims being discovered, extricated and provided the support resources to resume a life they control. away Escaping from traffickers is the result of the victim taking advantage of an opportunity to get away but may not provide the victim with the resources to recover, physically or 2.7

47 D.Resolution – Cont’d: D. Resolution – Cont’d: psychologically, into a life better than the one they left. Death Death for a victim may be the only way out due to factors of location, trafficker’s resources and physical condition of the victim. 2.7

48 B.Recruitment: coerced B. Recruitment: Voluntary vs. Force – cont’d: abducted or coerced into being a human trafficking victim. 2.7

2.7 STAGES OF VICTIMIZATION Summary 1.Vulnerability Looking for better life Looking for better life Escape current conditions Escape current conditions 2.Recruitment Voluntary ( fraud ) Voluntary ( fraud ) Forced (force or coercion ) Forced (force or coercion )

50 3.Exploitation (physical and psychological) 4.Resolution Rescue Rescue Escape Escape Death Death STAGES OF VICTIMIZATION Continued 2.7

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52 Questions?

53 DEFINE & PROCESS Process: Define: Define: Identify the two types of Trafficking that comprise human trafficking.

54 DEFINE & PROCESS Process: Define: Define: Sex Trafficking.

55 DEFINE & PROCESS Process: Define: Define: Labor Trafficking

56 DEFINE & PROCESS Process: Define: Define: Explain requirement for human trafficking to occur.

57 DEFINE & PROCESS Process: Define: Define: The difference between human trafficking and smuggling

58 DEFINE & PROCESS Process: Define: Define: Who can be human traffickers?

59 DEFINE & PROCESS Process: Define: Define: What is a key element of exploration in Human Trafficking?

SOURCES All Course Sources and/or Resources are listed in your Participant Handout ADVANCED HUMAN TRAFFICKING TCOLE Course # 3271

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