Physical Science States of Matter Kinetic & Potential Energy Energy Transfer (radiation, conduction & convection)

6th Grade GLCE’s 6th Grade Science Companion Document

P.EN.M.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy – Objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances may have potential energy due to their relative positions in a system. Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are all forms of potential energy. P.EN.M.4 Energy Transfer – Different forms of energy can be transferred from place to place by radiation, conduction, or convection. When energy is transferred from one system to another, the quantity of energy before the transfer is equal to the quantity of energy after the transfer. P.CM.M.1 Changes in State – Matter changing from state to state can be explained by using models, which show that matter is composed of tiny particles in motion. When changes of state occur, the atoms and/or molecules are not changed in structure. When the changes in state occur, mass is conserved because matter is not created or destroyed.

P.EN.M.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy Objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances may have potential energy due to their relative positions in a system. Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are all forms of potential energy. P.EN.06.11 Identify kinetic or potential energy in everyday situations (for example: stretched rubber band, objects in motion, ball on a hill, food energy). P.EN.06.12 Demonstrate the transformation between potential and kinetic energy in simple mechanical systems (for example: roller coasters, pendulums).

P.EN.M.4 Energy Transfer Different forms of energy can be transferred from place to place by radiation, conduction, or convection. When energy is transferred from one system to another, the quantity of energy before the transfer is equal to the quantity of energy after the transfer. P.EN.06.41 Explain how different forms of energy can be transferred from one place to another by radiation, conduction, or convection. P.EN.06.42 Illustrate how energy can be transferred while no energy is lost or gained in the transfer.

P.CM.M.1 Changes in State Matter changing from state to state can be explained by using models, which show that matter is composed of tiny particles in motion. When changes of state occur, the atoms and/or molecules are not changed in structure. When the changes in state occur, mass is conserved because matter is not created or destroyed. P.CM.06.11 Describe and illustrate changes in state, in terms of arrangement and relative motion of the atoms or molecules. P.CM.06.12 Explain how mass is conserved as a substance changes from state to state in a closed system.

Critically Important/State Assessable Vocabulary energy transfer heat transfer states of matter conduction convection radiation kinetic energy potential energy atoms molecules mass closed system transformation

Atoms & Molecules Atom – Basic unit of matter consisting of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by circling electrons. Molecules – Atoms combine to make molecules. Element – Found on the Periodic Table. Combinations of elements are the building blocks of all matter. Compounds - Substances made up of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. A formula can be written.

Periodic Table Basics http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_intro.html http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/

Changes in State (of Matter) There are 3 major states of matter, they are… Solids Liquids Gasses In all three states of matter, molecules are in constant motion. Arrange students into solid, liquid and gas phases in class by moving them closer together/farther apart.

Solids In a solid, relatively strong forces are exerted between the molecules, so the molecules of the material vibrate slowly. Solids, therefore, have a definite shape and volume.

Phases of matter - solids Definite shape Definite volume Rigid 3-D structure Atoms/molecules bonded in place

Liquids When heat energy is added, the molecules vibrate faster as they absorb the energy. At the melting temperature of the material, the molecules have gained enough energy, so that they can slip and slide past each other. The material is now a liquid.

Phases of matter - liquids Definite volume Indefinite shape

Gasses Liquids still have a definite volume, but take the shape of their container. When more heat energy is added, the motion of the molecules within the liquid increases, until some of the molecules overcome the forces, becoming a gas. The liquid has now evaporated to a gas.

Phases of matter - gases Indefinite volume and shape Molecules mostly not in contact Allowed motions Vibration and rotation (molecules with more than one atom) Translation on random, mostly free paths

The reverse is also true Gas molecules are separated by relatively great distances and move about freely. Gases take the shape and volume of their container. Conversely, when enough energy is lost from gas molecules, they condense into the liquid phase.

Activity Arrange students from class as atoms in a gas, then atoms in a liquid and finally atoms in a solid. Discuss the properties of each phase of matter.

And yet another phase of matter… Plasma is another phase of matter that is sometimes recognized by scientists. It is a state above the gas phase. Click the link to see another explanation of the states of matter. http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html

Gas Liquid Solid States of Matter Condensation Freezing Contract more heat energy less heat energy +E -E warmer colder States of Matter Gas (water vapor) Liquid (water) Solid (ice) No definite shape Definite shape No definite volume Definite volume Plasma BEC Create model of solid, liquid and gas using students to represent atoms. Complete concept maps showing this. End here. Evaporation Melting Expand

United Streaming Video Heat/Energy Transfer United Streaming Video

Temperature Heat A measure of the internal energy of an object, or how fast the molecules in a substance are moving. Measured in degrees, using a thermometer. Example: A flame is hotter than a radiator. Movement of energy from 1 place to another. Flows from hot to cold only. Depends on the number of molecules in a substance. Measured in calories/Calories *calorie – amount of energy required to raise 1g of water 1degree Celsius. *Calorie – amount of energy required to raise 1Kg of water 1 degree Celsius. Example: a radiator can heat a room more easily than a candle because it contains more molecules.

Heat Transfer Three mechanisms for heat transfer due to a temperature difference. Conduction Convection Radiation Natural flow is always from higher temperature regions to cooler ones.

3 Methods of Energy Transfer We could pop popcorn by using each of the transfer methods. Pop popcorn in a pan on the stove – conduction Pop popcorn in a hot air popcorn popper – convection Pop popcorn in the microwave – radiation.

Three Methods of Heat/Energy Transfer Heat always goes from hot to cold. Heat is movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object.

Conduction What happens as a spoon heats up in a pot of soup? The heat is transported from the hot soup and the pot to the particles in the spoon. The particles near the bottom of the spoon vibrates faster as they are heated, so they bump into other particles as they travel through the handle of the spoon and pot. Soon the handle will be too hot to hold! Usually associated with solids.

Conductors vs Insulators Conductor – Transfers energy easily. (example – metals) Insulator – Does NOT transfer energy easily. (example – plastics, paper, glass) These terms are opposites.

Convection Conduction heats up the spoon, but how does the soup inside the pot heat up? Heat transfer involving the movement of fluids- liquids and gases- it is called convection. During convection, heat particles of fluids begin to flow transferring heat energy from one part of the fluid to another.

Convection and Density The warmer particles are moving faster, they spread out more. So they are less dense and rise. After giving their energy to the cooler fluid at the top, they are now cooler and more dense. More dense fluids sink.

Convection Currents Diagram

Convection Currents The heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in the fluid’s density, and the force of gravity combine to place the currents in motion. Convection currents continue as long as heat is added. Without heat the currents will stop when all of the material has reached the same temperature. However, heat from the Earth’s mantle and core causes the currents to form in the asthenosphere.

Specific Heat What heats up faster the land or the ocean? Simulation

Radiation Heat transfer by radiation takes place with no direct contact between a heat source of an object. Will transfer through the vacuum of space. Matter is not required.

Radiation Other familiar forms of radiation include the heat you feel around a flame or open fire. Radiation also enables sunlight to warm Earth’s surface.

3 Types of Heat Transfer Convection Conduction Radiation Fluids (liquids & gasses) Heat transferred by current – heat rises /cool falls. Solids Heat transferred from adjacent objects. No matter required. Heat transferred through space.

Potential and Kinetic Energy

Kinetic & Potential Energy Compare how a rubber ball, a ping-pong ball and a clay ball bounce when dropped from a high height.

How is all energy divided? Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Gravitation Potential Energy Elastic Chemical

What is Potential Energy? Energy that is stored and waiting to be used later

What is Gravitational Potential Energy? Potential energy due to an object’s position P.E. = mass x height x gravity Don’t look down, Rover! Good boy!

What is Elastic Potential Energy? Potential energy due compression or expansion of an elastic object. Notice the ball compressing and expanding

What is Chemical Potential Energy? Potential energy stored within the chemical bonds of an object

What is Kinetic Energy? Energy an object has due to its motion K.E. = .5(mass x speed2)