HIRSCHEGG, January 16 - 22, 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 1 / 24 Search for Partonic EoS in High-Energy Collisions Nu Xu Lawrence Berkeley National.

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HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 1 / 24 Search for Partonic EoS in High-Energy Collisions Nu Xu Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Many Thanks to Organizers! X. Dong, H. Huang, M. Oldenburg, H.G. Ritter, K. Schweda, P. Sorensen, A. Tai, Z. Xu

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 2 / 24Outline  Motivation  Bulk properties - ∂P QCD - Hadron spectra and elliptic flow - NCQ scaling: deconfinement - Heavy flavor collectivity: thermalization  Summary & Outlook

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 3 / 24 Equation of State Equation of state: - EOS I : relativistic ideal gas: p =  /3 - EOS H: resonance gas: p ~  /6 - EOS Q: Maxwell construction: T crit = 165 MeV, B 1/4 = 0.23 GeV  lat =1.15 GeV/fm 3 P. Kolb et al., Phys. Rev. C62, (2000). With given degrees of freedom, the EOS - the system response to the changes of the thermal condition - is fixed by its p and T (  ). Energy density  GeV/fm 3

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 4 / 24 Pressure, Flow, …  d  = dU + pdV  – entropy; p – pressure; U – energy; V – volume  = k B T, thermal energy per dof In high-energy nuclear collisions, interaction among constituents and density distribution will lead to: pressure gradient  collective flow  number of degrees of freedom (dof)  Equation of State (EOS)  No thermalization is needed – pressure gradient only depends on the density gradient and interactions.  Space-time-momentum correlations!

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 5 / 24 Collectivity, Local thermalization Hydrodynamic Flow Collectivity Local Thermalization = 

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 6 / 24 High-energy Nuclear Collisions Initial Condition - initial scatterings - baryon transfer - E T production - parton dof System Evolves - parton interaction - parton/hadron expansion Bulk Freeze-out - hadron dof - interactions stop jets J/  D      K, K*  p  d, HBT elliptic flow v 2 radial flow  T Q2Q2 time partonic scatterings? early thermalization? T C T ch T fo

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 7 / 24 High-energy Nuclear Collisions Initial Condition - initial scatterings - baryon transfer - E T production - parton dof System Evolves - parton interaction - parton/hadron expansion Bulk Freeze-out - hadron dof - interactions stop jets J/  D      K, K*  p  d, HBT elliptic flow v 2 radial flow  T Q2Q2 time partonic scatterings? early thermalization? T C T ch T fo

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 8 / 24 Transverse Flow Observables As a function of particle mass: Directed flow (v 1 ) – early see Markus Oldenburg’s talk Elliptic flow (v 2 ) – early Radial flow – integrated over whole evolution Note on collectivity: 1)Effect of collectivity is accumulative – final effect is the sum of all processes. 2) Thermalization is not needed to develop collectivity - pressure gradient depends on density gradient and interactions.

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 9 / 24 mid-rapidity, p+p and Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV Hadron Spectra from RHIC mid-rapidity, p+p and Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV centrality 5% 10-20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% Results from BRAHMS, PHENIX, and STAR experiments (sss)(ssd) (usd) (ss)

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 10 / 24 Thermal model fit Source is assumed to be: –Local thermal equilibrated –Boosted radially random boosted E.Schnedermann, J.Sollfrank, and U.Heinz, Phys. Rev. C48, 2462(1993)

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 11 / 24 Thermal fits: T fo vs. 1) , K, and p change smoothly from peripheral smoothly from peripheral to central collisions. to central collisions. 2) At the most central collisions, reaches collisions, reaches 0.6c. 0.6c. 3) Multi-strange particles ,  are found at higher T fo  are found at higher T fo (T~T ch ) and lower (T~T ch ) and lower  Sensitive to early partonic stage!  Sensitive to early partonic stage!  How about v 2 ?  How about v 2 ? Data: STAR: NPA715, 458c(03); PRL 92, (04); 92, (04). NA49: nucl-ex/ Chemical fits: Braun-Munzinger, Redlich, Stachel, nucl-th/ GeV Au + Au collisions Chemical Freeze-out: inelastic interactions stop Kinetic Freeze-out: elastic interactions stop

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 12 / 24 Resonance decay tests (1) Resonance decay of  do not affect the freeze-out properties - there are life after the chemical freeze-out! (2) ‘Jets’ lead to finite in p+p collisions Zhixu Liu et al., December 2004.

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 13 / 24 Compare with Model Results Model results fit to , K, p spectra well, but over predicted for multi-strange hadrons - Do they freeze-out earlier? Phys. Rev. C (04); Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, (04); 92, (04); P. Kolb et al., Phys. Rev. C (03)

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 14 / 24 y x pypy pxpx coordinate-space-anisotropy  momentum-space-anisotropy Anisotropy Parameter v 2 Initial/final conditions, EoS, degrees of freedom

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 15 / 24 v 2 at low p T region - Minimum bias data! At low p T, model result fits mass hierarchy well! - Details does not work, need more flow in the model! P. Huovinen, private communications, 2004

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 16 / 24 v 2 at all p T - v 2, spectra of light hadrons and multi-strange hadrons - scaling of the number of constituent quarks At RHIC:  Partonic collectivity has been attained  Deconfinement has has been attained PHENIX: PRL91, (03) STAR: PRL92, (04) S. Voloshin, NPA715, 379(03) Models: Greco et al, PRC68, (03) X. Dong, et al., Phys. Lett. B597, 328(04). ….

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 17 / 24 Partonic Collectivity at RHIC 1) Copiously produced hadrons freeze-out: T fo = 100 MeV,  T = 0.6 (c) >  T (SPS) 2)* Multi-strange hadrons freeze-out: T fo = MeV (~ T ch ),  T = 0.4 (c) 3)** Multi-strange v 2 : Multi-strange hadrons  and  flow! 4)*** Constituent Quark scaling: Seems to work for v 2 and R AA (R CP ) Deconfinement Partonic (u,d,s) Collectivity

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 18 / 24 Time Scale 1)Coalescence processes occur during phase transition and hadronization; 2)The u-,d-quarks and ‘bound-states’ gain mass accompanied by expansion; 3)Early thermalization with partons and its duration need to be checked. deconfinement Phase and Chiral transitions u-, d-quarks and ‘bound- states’ gain mass

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 19 / 24 Open charm production at RHIC - First reconstructed open charm spectrum at RHIC Model: a) pQCD distributions are steeper b) Fragmentation with delta function has harder spectrum c) Total cross sections are lower, a factor of STAR data: A. Tai et al., J. Phys G30: S809(2004); nucl-ex/ model results: R. Vogt, 2004

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 20 / 24 Charm production 1) STAR and PHENIX results are different: 2) NLO pQCD calculations under-predict the ccbar production cross section at RHIC 3) Power law for ccbar cross section from SPS to RHIC: n ~ 2 (n~0.5 for charged hadrons) 4) Large uncertainties in total cross section due to rapidity width, model dependent(?). STAR data: PRL accepted, nucl-ex/

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 21 / 24 Non-photonic electron v 2 STAR: 0-80% (F.Laue SQM04) PHENIX: Minimum bias statistical error only corrected for e ± from  decay M. Kaneta et al, J.Phys. G30, S1217(04) Greco, Ko, Rapp, Phys. Lett. B595, 202(04)

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 22 / 24 Open charm v 2 - a comparison 1)Constituent Quark Scaling for open charm hadron production? 2)Flow of charm-quark and the thermalization among light flavors? 3)…???? HSD: E. Bratkovskaya et al., hep-ph/ X. Dong, S. Esumi, et al., Phys. Lett. B597, 328(2004).

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 23 / 24 Summary & Outlook (1) Collectivity - pressure gradient ∂P QCD  Deconfinement and partonic collectivity at RHIC (2) Partonic (u,d,s) thermalization - heavy flavor v 2 and spectra - di-lepton and thermal photon spectra - J/  production (3)  -vertex upgrades Phenix and STAR - open charm - resonances with both hadronic & leptonic decays

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 24 / 24 STAR  -vertex detector H. Wieman et al., STAR Collaboration

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 25 / 24 Bulk Freeze-out Systematics The additional increase in  T is likely due to partonic pressure at RHIC. 1) v 2 self-quenching, hydrodynamic model seem to work at low p T 2) Multi-strange hadron freeze-out earlier, T fo ~ T ch 3) Multi-strang hadron show strong v 2

HIRSCHEGG, January , 2005 Nu Xu //Talk/2005/01Hirschegg05// 26 / 24 Nuclear Modification Factor 1) Baryon vs. meson effect! 2) Hadronization via coalescence 3) Parton thermalization (model) - (K 0,  ): PRL92, (04); NPA715, 466c(03); - Greco et al, PRC68,034904(03);PRL90, (03) - R. Fries et al, PRC68, (03); ), Hwa, nucl-th/