LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick Sexual & Parenting Behavior Chapter 46, 51

Let’s Talk About Sex! he_birds_and_the_bees_are_just_the_ beginning#t he_birds_and_the_bees_are_just_the_ beginning#t x+insects x+insects

How do animals “do it”? Sexual Reproduction Creation of offspring with fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote Asexual Reproduction Creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure Asexual reproduction Female Sexual reproduction Generation 1 Female Male Generation 4 Generation 3 Generation 2

When to Mate? Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to changing seasons –Controlled by hormones and environmental cues –Seasonal temperature is often an important cue in reproduction © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attracting a Mate & Discouraging Competition Pheromones & marking territory Mating calls & songs – Visual & Courtship Displays – © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Interesting “Relationships” Monogamous –One male/female pair bond Promiscuous –No strong pair bond Polygamous –Polyandry –Polygyny © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mate Choice Male competition Intersexual competition Imprinting Sexual coercion Mate choice copying © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

THE GOAL: Offspring Survival External fertilization –High gamete production –Lower fraction of zygotes survive –No protection of embryos/care of young Internal fertilization –Production of fewer gametes –Higher fraction of zygotes survive –Protection of embryos/care of young © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Protection of Offspring Certainty of paternity impacts level of male involvement –Internal fertilization Males are not involved in care of offspring as often Engage in behaviors that guard/protect female –External fertilization Males equally as likely to be the caregiver as females © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Natural selection favors behavior that maximizes an individual’s survival and reproduction –Some animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Altruism