1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition – Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leaping Herds of Herbivores Impalas of the African savanna –Are very successful as a population, despite heavy pressure from predators

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Impalas exhibit protective behaviors such as grouping –To protect from the numerous carnivores

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 35.1 Behavioral ecologists ask both proximate and ultimate questions Behavior –Is everything an animal does and how it does it Figure 35.1

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Behavioral ecology –Studies behavior in an evolutionary context Behavioral ecologists –Consider proximate questions, which focus on the immediate causes of behavior –Consider ultimate questions, which focus on the evolutionary causes of behavior

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural selection –Preserves behaviors that enhance fitness

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.2 Early behaviorists used experiments to study fixed action patterns Lorenz and Tinbergen were the first to demonstrate the importance of innate behavior –Which is performed the same way by all members of a species

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fixed action patterns (FAPs) –Are innate behaviors that exhibit unchangeable sequences –Ensure that activities essential to survival are performed correctly without practice Figure 35.2

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sign stimuli –Are simple cues that trigger fixed action patterns

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.3 Behavior is the result of both genes and environmental factors Certain behaviors in prairie voles –Are under relatively strong genetic control Figure 35.3A

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Studies have shown differences in oxytocin (a hormone) receptors –In the brains of female monogamous prairie voles and promiscuous montane voles Figure 35.3B

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings LEARNING 35.4 Learning ranges from simple behavioral changes to complex problem solving Learning –Is a change in behavior resulting from experience Table 35.4

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Habituation –Is learning to ignore a repeated, unimportant stimulus

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.5 Imprinting is learning that involves innate behavior and experience Imprinting –Is irreversible learning limited to a sensitive period Figure 35.5A

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings For many kinds of birds –Imprinting plays a role in song development Figure 35.5B

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings CONNECTION 35.6 Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs Captive breeding programs for endangered species –Must provide proper imprinting models Figure 35.6

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.7 Animal movement may be a simple response to stimuli or involve spatial learning A kinesis –Is a random movement in response to a stimulus

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings A taxis –Is a more or less automatic movement directed toward or away from a stimulus Direction of river current Figure 35.7A

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spatial learning –Involves using landmarks to move through the environment –Is more complex than kineses or taxes 1 2 3 Nest No nest Nest Figure 35.7B

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.8 Movements of animals may depend on internal maps Cognitive maps –Are internal representations of spatial relationships of objects in the surroundings

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Migratory animals may move between areas –Using the sun, stars, landmarks, or other cues Figure 35.8 Paper Ink pad Funnel- shaped cage

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.9 Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior with a response In associative learning –An animal learns that a particular stimulus or a particular response is linked to a reward or punishment

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings In trial-and-error learning –An animal learns to associate one of its own behavioral acts with a positive or negative effect Figure 35.9

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.10 Social learning involves observation and imitation of others Social learning involves changes in behavior –That result from the observation and imitation of others Figure 35.10

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.11 Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition Cognition is the ability of an animal’s nervous system –To perceive, store, process, and use information

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some animals exhibit problem-solving behavior –Which involves complex cognitive processes Figure 35.11A, B

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings FORAGING AND MATING BEHAVIORS 35.12 Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging Foraging includes –Identifying, obtaining, and eating food

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some animals are generalists –Eating just about anything that is readily available Figure 35.12A

29. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other animals are specialists –Eating only specific available foods Figure 35.12B

30. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Optimal foraging theory predicts that an animal’s feeding behavior –Will maximize energy gain and minimize energy expenditure and risk Figure 35.12C

31. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.13 Mating behaviors enhance reproductive success Mating systems may be –Promiscuous, monogamous, or polygamous

32. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings The needs of offspring and certainty of paternity –Help explain differences in mating systems and parental care by males Figure 35.13

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.14 Mating behavior often involves elaborate courtship rituals Courtship rituals –Advertise the species, sex, and physical condition of males 1 2 3 4 Figure 35.14A

34. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings In some species, courtship is a group activity –In which members of one or both sexes choose mates from a group of candidates Figure 35.14B

35. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND SOCIOBIOLOGY 35.15 Sociobiology places social behavior in an evolutionary context Sociobiology studies social behavior –The interactions of two or more animals, in an evolutionary sense

36. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.16 Territorial behavior parcels space and resources Animals exhibiting this behavior –Mark and defend their territories Figure 35.16A, B

37. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.17 Rituals involving agonistic behavior often resolve confrontations between competitors Agonistic behavior, including threat, rituals, and sometimes combat –Settles disputes over resources Figure 35.17

38. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.18 Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic behavior Dominance hierarchies –Partition resources among members of a social group Figure 35.18

39. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE 35.19 Behavioral biologist Jane Goodall discusses dominance hierarchies and reconciliation behavior in chimpanzees Figure 35.19A

40. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chimpanzees –Exhibit dominance hierarchies and reconciliation behavior Figure 35.19B

41. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.20 Social behavior requires communication between animals Signaling in the form of sounds, scents, displays, or touches –Provides communication needed for social behavior Figure 35.20A, B

42. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35.21 Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitness Altruism is defined as behavior that reduces an individual’s fitness –While increasing the fitness of others in the population Figure 35.21A

43. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Altruism can usually be explained by inclusive fitness and kin selection –An animal can propagate its own genes by helping relatives reproduce Figure 35.21B

44. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings In reciprocal altruism –Individuals do favors that may later be repaid

45. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings CONNECTION 35.22 Both genes and culture contribute to human social behavior Human behavior –Has a genetic basis but is quite variable –Is strongly influenced by learning and culture

46. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Research has suggested that human partners with similar interests –Are more likely to have long, stable relationships Figure 35.22

47. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE 35.23 Edward O. Wilson promoted the field of sociobiology and is a leading conservation activist According to sociobiologist Edward O. Wilson –Natural selection underlies many human behaviors, including behaviors that have led to our current biodiversity crisis Figure 35.23