The Renaissance and Reformation Pages 659 to 664

What is the Renaissance?  “Rebirth" in Europe ( started in Italy 1300s- spread through Europe s)  Intellectual & economic changes 14 th to 16 th centuries  Emerged from the economic stagnation of the Middle Ages  Artistic, social, scientific, & political breakthroughs

Humanism  Intellectual movement where people began to focus on life in the present (in contrast to the Middle Ages' focus on the after life)  Importance of education- study of ancient Greek and Roman texts  Importance of education- study of ancient Greek and Roman texts  Importance of the individual- driving force of the Renaissance.

Philosophy Philosophy  Niccolo Machiavelli- The Prince Advised rulers to use whatever means necessary to achieve their goals “ It is much safer to be feared than to be loved, if one must choose.”

Art  Studied Greek statues and Roman buildings  Developed perspective- objects 3 dimensional

Leonardo da Vinci The Mona Lisa

Michelangelo  David  Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Literature  Shakespeare- 37 plays(1590 to 1613). Reflected individualism and the unconquerable human spirit.  Shakespeare- 37 plays(1590 to 1613). Reflected individualism and the unconquerable human spirit. Miguel de Cervantes- Don Quixote (mocks Medieval knights) Miguel de Cervantes- Don Quixote (mocks Medieval knights)

Scientific Revolution  Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe.  Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe.  Scientific Method- uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works.

Copernicus  Heliocentric model of the universe- the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it.

Galileo  The telescope

Isaac Newton  Gravity- force that keeps planets revolving around the sun, what causes objects to fall to earth.

The Protestant Reformation  Many scholars, including Martin Luther (German priest), grew angry with the RCC for spending $ on wars and palaces.

Luther  Greatly disturbed by indulgences, or pardons of sins. (church sold)  Composed a list of ?s, called the 95 theses, to the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church- condemned indulgences  Taught the Bible and individual conscious outweighed the church leaders and the pope

Other Reforms  Calvinism (John’s Calvin’s new church)-  Predestination- God had decided in advance if people would be saved or condemned.  Protestants and Catholics waged bitter wars against each other for years.