1. Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation
Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

2. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
The Renaissance, or rebirth, ( ) was a time of change
Europeans developed new ideas about the world during this time

4. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
The Renaissance began in Italy and spread north into the rest of Europe

5. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
The Renaissance was influenced by an intellectual movement known as “humanism”
Humanists studied the learning of the ancient Greeks and Romans
They hoped that reviving ancient learning would increase knowledge about the present

6. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
Leonardo da Vinci
Painter, sculptor, inventor, architect, musician, and engineer

9. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
Michelangelo
Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, and architect

12. Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy
Raphael
Painter
Student of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo

15. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

16. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Johann Gutenberg
His printing Press caused great changes in Europe
Such as:
More Europeans learned to read and write
Books became cheaper and easier to make
People gained knowledge about medicine, geography, and mining
Printed Bibles increased the spread of religious ideas

20. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Northern Europe took a long time to recover from the Black Death
As a result, the Renaissance did not begin there until the 1400s
It slowly spread to Spain, France Germany and England

21. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Like Italian humanists, northern humanists believed education was important and studied the ancient Greeks and Romans
However, they also explored religious ideas and believed that learning should change society

22. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Erasmus was a priest who wanted to reform society and the Church
He wrote The Praise of Folly which used humor to expose the immoral behavior of society, including the abuses of clergy members
Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia in which defined his ideas for an ideal society

23. Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
The Northern Renaissance produced many talented writers including:
William Shakespeare
-Producer of 37 plays that are still read and performed today
Cervantes
Master of Satire, a literary composition, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule.
Best known for writing Don Quixote

24. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
During the Renaissance the Roman Catholic Church faced serious problems:
Some members of the Church took advantage of their positions to make themselves wealthy
Although a minority of church officials were ever involved, complaints against these abuses formed the basis of what became the Protestant Reformation

25. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
The most serious of abuses committed by Catholic clergy were the sale of indulgences
Indulgences – forgave a person for his or her sins and allowed entrance into Heaven

26. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
By the 1500s, many Christians wanted to reform the Church
A German Monk, named Martin Luther wrote 95 arguments against indulgences

28. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther believed that Christians could only reach heaven through faith in God
Because of his radical views and outspoken ideas, Luther was excommunicated and declared an outlaw
Luther’s actions began what became the Protestant Reformation
His followers set up the Lutheran Church
They became known as Protestants

29. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
John Calvin was another important reformer
Like Luther, Calvin believed that Christians could reach heaven only through faith and God
Calvin also believed that people were born sinners
He preached Predestination, the idea that God decided long ago who would go to heaven
Calvinism spread to Germany, France, Scotland and England

30. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
Throughout Europe, Catholic rulers and the Catholic Church fought back against Protestantism
In England, King Henry VIII originally supported the Church
However, when the Pope refused to annul, or cancel, his marriage Henry VII and the English Parliament took control of the English Church

31. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
Henry then set up the Church of England and called it the Anglican Church
This church was identical in nearly every way to the Roman Catholic Church, except that the King took the place of the Pope

32. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Roman Catholic Church acknowledged that some of Martin Luther’s complaints were valid
The selling of indulgences was stopped
Reformers were appointed to key posts to eliminate corruption
Those found guilty of corruption were punished and barred from position of authority

33. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
The Protestant and Catholic Reformations divided Europe into a Catholic South and a Protestant North
Terrible religious wars broke out throughout Europe
Both sides tortured and killed those who disagreed with their teachings

34. Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
The strong religious feeling contributed to a wave of witch hunting
Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted and expelled, or drove out, Jews

35. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
Beginning in the 1500s, new ideas about science changed the way Europeans thought about the world
This period was called the Scientific Revolution

36. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
Since ancient times, people had believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe
In the 1500s and 1600s scientists such as Copernicus and Galileo showed that the planets revolved around the sun

37. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric model of the universe
This states that the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it
Galileo continues Copernicus' work by observing the skies with a homemade telescope

38. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
At first, these discoveries upset many Europeans
However, a new way of thinking about science began to emerge
Scientists began to observe the world around them and to develop ideas about why things happened
They did experiments to test these ideas

39. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
This new way of thinking was called the Scientific Method
The scientific method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe
This process allowed scientists to logically find answers through the use of reason
This method of research is the basis for modern science

41. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton built upon the earlier work of Copernicus and Galileo and used mathematics to describe gravity as the force that keeps planets revolving around the sun
He also explained that this same force is what causes objects to fall to earth.

42. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment
A Scientific “Revolution” was the Enlightenment
Political and social scholars began to question the workings of society and government
The Enlightenment attempted to explain the purpose of government, and describe the best form of it
The most influential Enlightenment thinkers were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean Jacques Rousseau.