The CIRCULATORY System Unit 3 Transportation Systems

Combining Forms Arteri/o artery Cardi/o heart Erythr/o red Leuk/o white Phleb/o vein Scler/o hardening Thromb/o blood clot Vascul/o vessel Ven/o vein

Prefixes/Suffixes A- or an- without or not Brady- slow Tachy- fast -ar pertaining to -cyte cell -emia blood condition -gram recording of -itis inflammation of -logist someone who studies -lysis destruction, loosening -megaly enlargement -ole small -oma tumor -ous pertaining to -stenosis narrowing, stricture -tomy to cut, incision

Abbreviations/ Terms BP blood pressure CBC complete blood count CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation EKG electrocardiogram MI myocardial infarction/ heart attack P pulse RBC red blood cell WBC white blood cell Diastole period of relaxation Embolism undissolved matter that travels Malaise not feeling well Systole period of contraction Thrombus blood clot

Functions of the Circulatory System Transportation of nutrients and waste heat oxygen and carbon dioxide hormones antibodies

Structures of the Circulatory System Systemic System Pulmonary System

Heart Location and Structures The heart is found in the Thoracic Cavity between the lungs, slightly left of center. The base is the broad flat top of the heart The apex is the pointy bottom of the heart Coronary arteries and veins run blood to and from the myocardium

Heart Hollow organ Pumps blood throughout the body Three layers: endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium Four chambers Right and left atria Right and left ventricles Four valves Bicuspid (mitral), tricuspid, pulmonary and aortic semilunars

Layers of the Heart Endocardium Inside lining, covers all walls and valves Made of epithelial and connective tissues Important because of the volume of blood that flows through the heart Myocardium Bulk of the heart Made of cardiac muscle Thickest around left ventricle Pericardium Serous membrane around the heart Has a visceral and parietal layer

The 4 Chambers of the Heart Right Atrium Left Atrium Receives blood from veins; pumps to right ventricle. Receives blood from lungs; pumps to left ventricle. Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Pumps blood through the aorta to the body. Pumps blood to the lungs.

The 4 Valves Bicuspid / Mitral Between left atrium and ventricle Has two flaps Tricuspid Between right atrium and ventricle Has three flaps Pulmonary Semilunar From the right ventricle leading to the lungs through the pulmonary artery Aortic Semilunar From the left ventricle leading to the body through the aorta

The Anatomy of the Heart

Conduction System The heart has it’s own electrical system that controls the rhythm of heart contractions. SA Node (pacemaker of the heart) Sinoatrial Node Atrium contract Impulse excites AV node AV Node (atrioventricular node) Bundle of HIS Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers Ventricles contract conduction system in the heart

Blood Vessels Closed system for flow of blood Three types of vessels: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins C a p i l r y b e d V n A t o s u v

Blood Vessels Arteries Take blood away from the heart Under high pressure Used to take pulses Squirt when cut Veins Take blood towards the heart Have valves to help push blood against gravity Constant flow when cut Capillaries Between arteries and veins Only one cell thick to allow gas and nutrient exchange So tiny only one blood cell at a time can go through

Pulses The pulse is caused by the contraction of the left ventricle and the wave of blood that it pushes into the arteries Common Pulses Carotid Radial

Blood Pressure Has two parts: Systolic Diastolic Measures the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts The top number Diastolic Measures the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is relaxed and filling The bottom number

Blood Provides vital transportation for the body Four components Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Carry O2 and CO2 White blood cells (leukocytes) Fight disease Platelets (thrombocytes) Clot blood Plasma Fluid part the others travel in

Blood

Pathway of Blood Rt Atrium Tricuspid valve Rt Ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary arteries Lung Pulmonary veins Lt Atrium Mitral valve (bicuspid) Lt Ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta Arteries Body Veins Sup/Inf Vena Cavas

Diseases and Disorders Circulatory System

Anemia Blood disorder where capacity of the blood to transport oxygen is decreased Usually red blood cell count is diminished Causes: Internal bleeding, vitamin deficiencies, decreased RBC production, increase in RBC destruction by spleen Symptoms: Fatigue, chest pain, skin pallor, increased heart rate, difficulty breathing Treatment: Iron supplements, vitamin supplements, blood transfusions, and erythropoietin

Heart Attack (myocardial infarction) Coronary artery or a branch of the coronary artery is blocked Symptoms: Chest pain Crushing pressure behind the breastbone and chest pain radiating to the neck, jaw, abdomen, shoulder or left arm Nausea Vomiting Difficulty breathing Anxiety or fear Treatment: Oxygen, nitroglycerin, pain meds, blood thinners, antiplatelet meds, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and surgical procedures

High Blood Pressure (hypertension) Blood pressure is chronically elevated Can contribute to coronary artery disease, strokes, kidney failure, and sudden rupture of the aorta Sustained systolic blood pressure of over 140 or a sustained diastolic blood pressure of over 90 is considered hypertension Usually there are no symptoms other than a mild headache Treatment usually involves medications

Atherosclerosis Build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries Restricts the flow of blood Fats and other particles combine to form plaque Calcium can be deposited by plaque and cause the area to harden Treatment includes medications and diet to reduce fats and cholesterol levels, exercise and weight loss is also recommended