Jordi Isern Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC-IEEC) MSc in Economics of Science & Innovation Innovation & Challenges: Nanotechnology & Space (6d) Science

Basic Science: Solar System

The geologic history of the Earth and of the origin of the Solar System have been improved by the analysis of 381 kg of lunar samples (rocks) brought to Earth during the Apollo missions. The Moon

Venus (Magellan probe) Greenhouse Effect The study of the extrem greenhouse effect in Venus (discovered in the 1960’s) has raised warnings on the risks of global warming on Earth And the nuclear winter

Mars (Viking probe) It is believed that planet Mars was once much more Earth-like (with rivers, lakes, and probably, oceans of liquid water) What happened to MarsWhat happened to Mars to make it the cold, dry worldto make it the cold, dry world we see today?we see today? Could something similar happenCould something similar happen someday to Earth?someday to Earth? Climatic change

(Ice) Water on Mars

Terraformation of Mart Injection of greenhouse gases Injecton energy with mirrors

Europa (Galileo probe) Search for extraterrestrial life The search for planets in the Solar System where life could has led to have developed has led to discovery of life in extreme terrestrial environments.

Education

Space-themed activities help to inspire many students to study math and science, taking advantage of the interest generated by the Cosmos and its mysteries… Our Society cannot afford the risks of living in the dark side, ignoring the scientific/technological progress. We must guarantee the generational take over!

Future? * and many discoveries we cannot even dream of! * defense against extraterrestrial menaces (meteorites) * colonization of other worlds: to preserve the human race

Space Science For over 30 years ESA's space science projects have shown the scientific benefits of multi-nation cooperation. Areas covered by ESA: Space environment of the Earth Solar-terrestrial interaction Interplanetary medium Moon, planets and other objects Stars and the universe Fundamental Physics.

10/ The first science spacecraft Between 1968 and 1983 some 13 European spacecraft were launched on scientific missions to study a vast array of disciplines: Cosmic rays and solar X-rays (ESRO 1B & 2B) - 1 Oct 1969 and 17 May 1968 Ionosphere and aurora (ESRO 1A) - 3 Oct 1968 Solar wind (HEOS-1) - 5 Dec 1968 Polar magnetosphere (HEOS-2) - 31 Jan 1972 UV astronomy (TD-1) - 11 March 1972 Ionosphere and solar particles (ESRO-4) - Nov 1972 Gamma ray astronomy (COS-B) - 9 Aug 1975 Magnetosphere (GEOS-1 & 2) - 20 Aug 1977 and 14 Jul 1978 Magnetosphere and sun-Earth relations (ISEE-2) - 23 Oct 1977 Ultraviolet astronomy (IUE) - 26 Jan 1978 Cosmic x-rays (Exosat) - 26 May 1983

The first science spacecraft Between 1968 and 1983 some 13 European spacecraft were launched on scientific missions to study a vast array of disciplines: ESRO 1B - Cosmic rays and solar X-rays - 1 Oct 1969 ESRO 2B - Cosmic rays and solar X-rays - 17 May 1968 ESRO 1A - Ionosphere and aurora - 3 Oct 1968 HEOS-1 - Solar wind - 5 Dec 1968 HEOS-2 - Polar magnetosphere - 31 Jan 1972 TD-1 - UV astronomy - 11 March 1972 ESRO-4 - Ionosphere and solar particles - Nov 1972 COS-B - Gamma ray astronomy - 9 Aug 1975 GEOS-1 - Magnetosphere - 20 Aug 1977 GEOS-2 - Magnetosphere - 14 Jul 1978 ISEE-2 - Magnetosphere and Sun-Earth relations - 23 Oct 1977 IUE - Ultraviolet astronomy - 26 Jan 1978 EXOSAT - Cosmic x-rays - 26 May 1983 EXOSAT IUE/INES COS B

Science missions over past years The ESA Giotto probe (launched in 1985) became the first spacecraft ever to meet two comets: Comet Halley, 1986 Comet Grigg-Skjellerup, The Hipparcos satellite collected data on the positions and movements of a million stars between 1989 (when it was launched) and The catalogues were published in The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) was launched in 1995 and concluded its operation in 1998, giving the first detailed view and spectra of infrared celestial objects. HIPPARCOS ISO GIOTTO/ HALLEY

Science missions of today ESA science missions currently contributing to our understanding of the universe: Ulysses ( ) - (with NASA) heliospheric studies Hubble Space Telescope ( ) - (with NASA) space observatory Soho ( ) - (with NASA) - Sun-Earth environment Cassini - Huygens ( ) probe to Saturn and Titan Newton (XMM) ( ) - Multi Mirror mission Cluster 2 ( ) study of the Earth’s magnetosphere Integral ( ) Internationnal Gamma-Ray Laboratory Mars Express ( ) mission to planet Mars SMART-1 ( ) mission to the Moon Rosetta ( ) mission to comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko Venus Express ( ) mission to planet Venus. First image of Titan’s surface

Cluster 2 Soho Ulysses Hubble Cassini / Huygens Newton (XMM)

Cosmic Vision Science undertook a complete reassessment of the programme in May The new plan contains the following missions, listed by production groups: Astrophysics. Group 1: XMM-Newton (launched in December 1999), INTEGRAL (launched in October 2002). X- and Gamma-ray Observatories (studying the 'violent' Universe). Group 2: Herschel, exploring the infrared and microwave Universe; Planck, to study the cosmic microwave background, (2007 ). Group 3: Gaia, the ultimate galaxy mapper (to be launched no later than 2012). Missions will follow in the same group after ESA will be cooperating with NASA on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), taking over from the Hubble Space Telescope and due for launch in XMM preparation at ESA/ESTEC’s Facilities

Herschel Planck Integral Newton (XMM) Cosmic Vision

Solar system science. Group 1: Rosetta, a trip to a comet (2 March 2004); Mars Express, a Mars orbiter (2 June 2003); Venus Express, a Venus orbiter (9 Nov 2005). Group 2: SMART-1, which demonstrated solar-electric propulsion technology while on its way to the Moon (2 Sept 2003 to 3 Sept 2006); BepiColombo, a mission to Mercury and Solar Orbiter, a mission to take a closer look at the Sun (missions to be launched in ). Fundamental physics missions. SMART-2 / Lisa - Pathfinder, a technology demonstration mission (2008) for LISA, a joint mission with NASA, searching for gravitational waves (2011). Cosmic Vision Electric engine of SMART-1

Rosetta Venus Express Cosmic Vision Mars Express

Cosmic Vision