1. ESA AND ITS SCIENCE MISSIONS Europe’s eyes on the Cosmos

2.  Space science  Human spaceflight  Robotic exploration  Earth observation  Launchers ESA is one of the few space agencies in the world to combine responsibility in nearly all areas of space activity.  Navigation  Telecommunications  Technology development  Operations  Outreach ESA Activities

3. ESA Establishments ESA HQ ESTECESOC ESACEACKourou Perth ESRIN ESA in Europe and the World

4. Houston Washington Kourou Moscow ESA sites/facilities Offices ESTEC (Noordwijk) Brussels ESA HQ (Paris) Toulouse ESAC (Madrid) ESRIN (Rome) EAC (Cologne) ESOC (Darmstadt) ESA’S LOCATIONS Harwell Redu Salmijaervi (Kiruna) ESA ground stations New Norcia Santa Maria Cebreros, Villafranca Oberpfaffenhofen Maspalomas Perth Malargüe ESA Establishment Locations

5. Key Milestones of Europe in Space 1962 ELDO (launchers) and ESRO (satellites) organisations created. 1975 ESA created from merging of ELDO and ESRO. 1975 First ESA mission (Cos-B, to study gamma rays) launched. 1979 First Ariane rocket launched from Guiana Space Center. 1980 First commercial space company (Arianespace) created. 1983 First Spacelab launch with ESA’ s first astronaut (Ulf Merbold). 1986 First deep space mission launched (Giotto to Comet Halley). 1991 First ESA Earth Observation satellite (ERS-1) launched. 1996 Ariane-5 test flight fails and causes loss of Cluster mission. 2002 Launch of ESA’s biggest satellite ever (Envisat). 2003 Last flight of Ariane-4 flight after 116 successful launches. 2003 First ESA planetary mission launched (Mars Express). 2006 New generation meteo. platform (MetOp-A) launched. 2008 ESA‘s Columbus module installed in Inter. Space Station. 2009 Six new astronauts selected (2 IT, FR, DK, DE, UK). 2010 ESA‘s ‘ice mission’ (Cryosat-2) launched. 2011 ESA-Russia-China experiment Mars 500 concluded. ESA – Over 30 years in Space

6. ESA and Planetary Exploration 1985 2005 2015 1990 2004 1997 2003 1995 2000 1985 First ESA ‘deep space’ mission to flyby comets Halley and Grigg-Skjellerup (1992)  GIOTTO 2004 First ever ESA planetary mission to orbit and ‘crash’ on planet Mars  MARS EXPRESS 2005 First mission ever to land on a satellite of a giant planet  HUYGENS  (carried by CASSINI) 2005 First ESA mission to orbit the Moon as technical demonstrator of propulsion system  SMART-1 2006 First ESA mission to orbit Venus with reflight of previously launched spacecraft  VENUS EXPRESS 2014 First ESA mission to visit 2 asteroids (Steins, Lutetia) on its way to comet Churyumov-G  ROSETTA 2022 First ESA mission to orbit Mercury in tandem with JAXA spacecraft  BEPI COLOMBO Launch dates in red 2022 JUICE

7. PECS and Cooperation Cooperation Agreement Plan for European Cooperating States ESA Member States France Germany Italy U. K. Spain Belgium Netherlands Switzerland Sweden Denmark Ireland Norway Austria Finland Portugal Greece Luxembourg Czech Rep. Romania Poland + Canada Hungary Estonia Latvia Slovenia Turkey Ukraine Lithuania Cyprus Slovakia Israel Malta Enlarging ESA

8. ESA and International Cooperation China Japan United States International Space Station BepiColombo to Mercury Double Star Worlwide Cooperation in Space Mars ? Russia Soyuz Spaceport ExoMars India Chandrayaan Hinode

9. Next stop: the future Since 1985, ESA looks at its scientific programme with a long-term vision. ESA’s Horizon 2000, Horizon 2000 Plus and Cosmic Vision consecutive programmes, each spanning over about a decade, gave birth to a wide spectrum of scientific missions in different fields of space research. Cosmic Vision 2015-2025, the next slot of ESA’s scientific programme, encompasses advanced missions that will address, with new means, the fundamental questions: How did we get from the Big Bang to where we are now? Are there other worlds elsewhere? The formation of the Solar System The origin and evolution of life

10. The wonders of the Universe Astronomy and fundamental physics at ESA

11. ESA’s sentinels in the Solar System From the Sun to the planets JUICE

12. Living with a star The Sun and its influence on Earth

13. Ulysses, 1990-2009 Over the uncharted poles of the Sun Launch: 6 Oct 1990, Space Shuttle Jupiter swing-by: 8 Feb 1992 Orbit: polar, heliocentric Status: end 30 June 2009 Joint ESA/NASA mission, with more than 18 years of operations First mission to fly over the Sun’s poles, and first 4D map of the heliosphere, its magnetic field and the solar wind Discovered that energetic particles that ought to be confined at low latitudes can climb up to the Sun’s poles Studied galactic cosmic rays and the interaction between the heliosphere and its interstellar neighbourhood

14. SOHO, 1995- The solar guardian Launch: 2 Dec 1995, Atlas-IIAS Orbit: around L1 Status: operational Joint ESA/NASA mission, studying the Sun and its effects on Earth Discoverer of new phenomena such as coronal waves and solar tornadoes First images ever of structures and flows below the Sun’s surface, first views of the Sun’s far side Dramatically improved space-weather forecasting capability Monitoring solar variability to understand climate impact Most prolific discoverer of comets in astronomical history - more than 1500

15. Cluster, 2000- Sun-Earth connection in focus Launch: 16 Jul and 19 Aug 2000, Soyuz-Fregat Orbit: around Earth Status: operational Four identical satellites flying in formation Unprecedented 3D study Earth’s protective bubble in space – the magnetosphere - and of its interaction with the solar wind 3D vision of magnetic reconnection in space First measurement of electric current in space Localisation of the sources of natural plasma waves, and discovery of surface waves in the ‘magnetotail’ Explanation of the origin of ‘black’ aurorae

16. Collaborative missions to the Sun and the Earth’s magnetosphere Double Star Led by CNSA (China), it is a pair of satellites complementing Cluster in studying the Sun-Earth connection and Earth’s magnetosphere Launch: 29 Dec 2003 Status: end Aug 2007 Hinode Led by JAXA (Japan), it is studying the mechanisms that power the solar atmosphere Launch: 23 Sep 2006 Status: operational

17. Voyage to the planets and the minor bodies of the Solar System

18. Giotto, 1985-1992 Close encounter with comet Halley Launch: 2 Jul 1985, Ariane-1 Halley encounter: 14 Mar 1986 Grigg-Skjllerup fly-by: 10 Jul 1992 Status: concluded on 23 Jul 1992 Europe’s first deep-space mission Closest comet fly-by to date First ever close-up images of a comet nucleus First evidence of organic material in a comet First mission to encounter two comets (Halley and Grigg-Skjllerup)

19. Cassini-Huygens, 1997- Unlocking the secrets of Saturn and its moons Launch: 15 Oct 1997, Titan-IVB/Centaur Arrival at Saturn: 1 Jul 2004 Huygens delivery to Titan: 14 Jan 2005 Status: operational Joint NASA/ESA/ASI mission, studying in-depth the planet, its moons, rings and magnetic environment Best ever views of Saturn’s rings and discovery of giant cyclones at Saturn’s poles Discovery of hydrocarbon lakes on Titan, and the ‘building blocks’ for complex organic molecules in its atmosphere First ever in situ analysis of Titan’s atmosphere and surface with Huygens probe Discovery of geysers of water-ice and organic compounds jetting from surface of Enceladus

20. Huygens, 2005 Down to Titan – a primordial Earth? Landing on Titan: 14 Jan 2005 Descent duration: 2h 28min Surface operations: more than 3 hours Status: end 2005 Furthest ever landing in the Solar System, and first metre-resolution photographs of Titan’s hidden surface Discovery of ‘Earth-like’ landscapes, and signs of fluvial erosion activity First direct sampling of Titan’s atmospheric chemistry, rich in hydrocarbons, to provide clues as to how life began on Earth First in situ measurements of Titan’s atmospheric structure below 1400 km (temperature and density) Direct measurements of Titan’s winds below 150 km, confirming the super- rotation of its atmosphere

21. Mars Express, 2003- Global view of the Red Planet Launch: 2 Jun 2003, Soyuz-Fregat Arrival at Mars: 25 Dec 2003 Orbit: polar, elliptical Status: operational First European mission to Mars Breathtaking, high-resolution images of the surface in 3D and in colour First sub-surface sounding, and discovery of water-ice deposits below the surface Mineralogical evidence for liquid water throughout Martian history Detailed study of the Martian crust density First detection of atmospheric methane from orbit, and of night-glow and mid- latitude aurorae Estimation of the atmospheric escape rate In-depth studies of Martian moon Phobos

22. SMART-1, 2003-2006 Europe goes to the Moon Launch: 27 Sep 2003, Ariane 5 Arrival at the Moon: 13 Nov 2004 Orbit: polar, elliptical Status: concluded by Moon crashing on 3 Sep 2006 First European mission to the Moon Technology demonstrator for solar-electric propulsion and miniaturised instruments Excellent images of the surface, also in colour, and best ever views of the lunar poles First mission to observe the Moon in X-ray and infrared from orbit Best ever mapping of elements making up the Moon’s minerals, including first detection of calcium Providing a huge data legacy for the comprehension of the lunar origin and evolution

23. Rosetta, 2004-2015 Rendez-vous with comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko Launch: 2 Mar 2004, Ariane 5 ECA Gravity assists: Earth, Mar 2005, Nov 2007, Nov 2009; Mars, Feb 2007 Asteroid Steins fly-by: 5 Sep 2008 Asteroid Lutetia fly-by:10 Jun 2010 Comet encounter: 22 May 2014 Lander delivery:10 Nov 2014 Status: operational First mission to orbit a comet nucleus, and deploy a lander (Philae) onto its surface Studying the evolution of the comet’s phenomena while it approaches the Sun Bringing a full lab to a comet for in situ chemical analysis Helping to understand if comets contributed to the origin of life and the formation of oceans on Earth Studying two asteroids at close quarters during the journey Helping to understand the origin and evolution of the Solar System

24. Venus Express, 2005- Lifting the veil on ‘Earth’s twin’ Launch: 9 Nov 2005, Soyuz-Fregat Arrival at Venus: 11 Apr 2006 Orbit: polar, elliptical Status: operational First European mission to Venus First global examination of Venus’s atmosphere, and first global and 3D views of the ‘double vortex’ at the south pole, and of clouds, waves and convection cells First extensive meteorological maps of Venus, with wind fields and temperatures First unambiguous detection of lightning Most complete data set of the chemical species in the atmosphere Detection of water escape from the atmosphere into space

25. BepiColombo, 2014 Closing in on Mercury Launch: 2014, Ariane 5 Arrival at Mercury: 2020 Orbits: polar, elliptical Status: implementation Joint ESA/JAXA mission, and the first dual-satellite enterprise to Mercury First European mission to orbit a planet in the hot regions of the Solar System, to make the most extensive study of Mercury – from the interior to the exosphere Helping to reveal the evolution of Mercury and the formation of the inner planets, and to understanding the origin of Mercury’s global magnetic field – the only one of a rocky planet other than Earth Testing Einstein’s theory of General Relativity

26. Collaborative missions to the Solar System Kaguya (SELENE) Led by JAXA (Japan), it consists of an orbiter and 2 satellites for the study of the lunar origin and evolution Launch: 14 Sep 2007 Status: intentionally crashed on lunar surface 10 Jun 2009 Chang’E-1 Led by CNSA (China), it is making 3D images and geological maps of the lunar landforms Launch: 24 Oct 2007 Status: end 01 March 2009 Chandrayaan-1 Led by ISRO (India), it is making a global mineralogical mapping of the Moon Launch: 22 Oct 2008 Status: end 29 Aug 2009

27. Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 candidates Large missions to make history JUICE – to Jupiter and Ganymede A European mission (with NASA collaboration), to make the deepest ever study of the Jovian system and several of its moons (Europa, Callisto and Ganymede). One spacecraft will focus on the Jupiter system at large and on Ganymede, whose icy mantle could contain an ocean of liquid water, in particular. IXO – the next-generation X-ray observatory A joint ESA/NASA/JAXA mission, successor to XMM- Newton. Objectives include looking into the formation of super-massive black-holes and their influence on galaxy growth, and on the evolution of large scale structures in space.

28. Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 candidates Medium-size missions, great opportunities Marco Polo – returning asteroid samples to Earth A joint ESA/JAXA mission, heading to a near-Earth asteroid belonging to a class of objects more ancient than Earth, and return a sample. The study of such primitive objects is key to understand the formation and evolution of the Solar System. Solar Orbiter – closest to the Sun A joint ESA/NASA mission to study the Sun with unprecedented resolution and perform the closest ever in situ measurements of our star. It will provide unprecedented views of the solar atmosphere and will deliver images and data of the polar regions and the far-side, not visible from Earth.

29. www.esa.int/science FOR MORE INFORMATION