1. Jordi Isern Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC-IEEC) MSc in Economics of Science & Innovation Innovation & Challenges: Nanotechnology & Space (1) Historical perspective

2. Topics for a dissertation (25 min + 5 min discussion) 1.- Space tourism (Yeniceli/Okay) 2.- Economical impact of GPS systems (Appold/del Pozo/Slivko) 3.- Emergent Space Powers 4.- The GMES program of the EU 5.- Microgravity 6.- Space transportation & launchers 7.- Space tether & elevators 8.- Space debris 9.- Trends of space markets 10.- Space resources

3. The Fundamental Question: Pour quoi aller ailleurs si chez nous c’est mieux?

4. # Science & Technology are changing our world # Scientific discovery & technology development have a growing potential power # We have developped the technology to survey & utilize the space around the Earth => We are living in a 3D society!

5. # Benefits are huge: Global communication (telephone, television…) Global positioning systems (GPS, GALILEO… ) Efficient Earth exploration Improved science … # Drivers: Defence (USA-URSS military race…) Science Dreams

6. The dreams Icarus “Domingo Gonzales” Francis Godwin Hereford’s Bishop

7. Flash Gordon 1936 Just imagine 1930 Die Frau im Mond 1929 Captain Video TV series 1940-1956 The dreams

8. When worlds collide 1951 Destnation Moon 1950

9. The Earth gravitational field is extremely strong The acceleration of the gravity at the Earth surface is: 9.8 m/s 2 All the terrestrial phenomena are affected by the gravity:

10. Why is so difficult to leave the Earth? We are leaving inside a gravitational well! The escape velocity is 11.6 km/s A huge amount of energy is necessary to escape from the Earth! ~ 72 MJ/kg or to lift a ship of 7000 tm 1 m from the ground

11. Newton’s cannon ball

12. Guns are not viable V ~ 2 km/s

13. Rocket Action reaction principle

14. Chinese Rockets

15. Conrad Haas (1551)

16. Siemenowicz multi-stage rocket, from his Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima Kazimierz Siemienowicz ( 1600 - c. 1651)16001651

17. The pioneers Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky

18. Liquid fuel oxidizer fuelBurning chamber nozzle

19. The pioneers The first successful launch of a liquid rocket was in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard t = 2,5 s h = 12,5 m l = 56 m v = 96 km/h

20. Hermann Oberth The pioneers

23. The first satellite Korolev

24. W. Von Braun (Saturn rocket) Apollo 11 launch

25. Apollo 11

27. Observation of the Sun by the ESA fleet

28. Solar prominence (304 Å) at the upper cromosphere (60,000 K) (SOHO) The Earth-Sun System Spacecrafts such as help us SOHO help us determine when flares and coronal mass ejections might affect Earth and our orbiting satellites.

29. Solar Dynamics Observatory (launched March 30th, 2010)

30. Ulysses: The first trip out of the ecliptics

31. Mercury

32. Venus (Magellan probe) Venus

33. Mars

34. Jupiter

35. Io: Galileo

36. Saturn

37. Titan

38. Uranus

39. Neptune

40. Pluto

41. The first interstellar Probes: Pioneer 2, Voyager 1, 2

42. The Earth seen from 7.000 milion km Voyager 1 6/6/1990

43. The ISEE 3 trip Comet Halley’s nucleus Giotto (ESA)

44. International Space Station 2004

45. XMM-Newton Dec 1999 0.1 - 15 keV Grazing incidence mirrors ( 922 cm 2 @ 1 keV) Spatial resolution 6” E/dE =20-50 @ 1- 6 keV

46. Cas A observed with Chandra

47. Hubble Space Telescope