What Is Life? Powerpoint 파일은 Biology (Campbell and Reece) 에서 고려대학교 생명과학대학 신정섭

Order Evolutionary adaptation Response to the environment Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing Regulation Fig. 1-3

Fig. 1-3a Order

Fig. 1-3b Evolutionary adaptation

Fig. 1-3c Response to the environment

Fig. 1-3d Reproduction

Fig. 1-3e Growth and development

Fig. 1-3f Energy processing

Fig. 1-3g Regulation

Fig. 1-4 The biosphere Communities Populations Organisms Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Cells Cell Organelles Atoms Molecules Tissues 10 µm 1 µm 50 µm

Fig. 1-4c The biosphere

Fig. 1-4d Ecosystems

Fig. 1-4e Communities

Fig. 1-4f Populations

Fig. 1-4g Organisms

Fig. 1-4h Organs and organ systems

Fig. 1-4i Tissues 50 µm

Fig. 1-4j Cells Cell 10 µm

Fig. 1-4k 1 µm Organelles

Fig. 1-4l Atoms Molecules

Fig. 1-5 Sunlight Ecosystem Heat Cycling of chemical nutrients Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals)

(a) Wings (c) Neurons (b) Bones Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion (d) Mitochondria 0.5 µm 100 µm Fig. 1-6

Fig. 1-6a (a) Wings

Fig. 1-6b (b) Bones

Fig. 1-6c (c) Neurons 100 µm

Fig. 1-6d Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion (d) Mitochondria 0.5 µm

Theme: Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life All cells: – Are enclosed by a membrane – Use DNA as their genetic information The ability of cells to divide is the basis of all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

25 µm Fig. 1-7

A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic; plants, animals, fungi, and all other forms of life are eukaryotic Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

1 µm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) Cytoplasm Membrane DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell Fig. 1-8

Theme: The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA is the substance of genes Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

DNA Structure and Function Each chromosome has one long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes DNA is inherited by offspring from their parents DNA controls the development and maintenance of organisms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Nuclei containing DNA Sperm cell Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embryo’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Fig. 1-9

Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig Nucleus DNA Cell Nucleotide (a) DNA double helix(b) Single strand of DNA

Genes control protein production indirectly DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into a protein An organism’s genome is its entire set of genetic instructions Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-11

Fig Outer membrane and cell surface Cytoplasm Nucleus

Advances in systems biology at the cellular and molecular level depend on – “High-throughput” technology, which yields enormous amounts of data – Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data – Interdisciplinary research teams Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-13a Excess D blocks a step (a) Negative feedback Negative feedback D D D D C B A Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 –

Fig. 1-13b Excess Z stimulates a step (b) Positive feedback Z Positive feedback Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Z Z Z Y X W +

Fig SpeciesGenusFamilyOrderClassPhylumKingdomDomain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya

The Three Domains of Life The three-domain system is currently used, and replaces the old five-kingdom system Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea comprise the prokaryotes Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA Protists Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Fig. 1-15a (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA

Fig. 1-15b (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA

The domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms: – Plantae – Fungi – Animalia Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into a kingdom called Protista, though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-15c (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA Protists Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Fig. 1-15d Protists

Fig. 1-15e Kingdom Fungi

Fig. 1-15f Kingdom Plantae

Fig. 1-15g Kingdom Animalia

Unity in the Diversity of Life A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example: – DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms – Unity is evident in many features of cell structure Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-17

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 Darwin made two main points: – Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors – Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification” Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and diversity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 1-18

Fig. 1-19

Darwin observed that: – Individuals in a population have traits that vary – Many of these traits are heritable (passed from parents to offspring) – More offspring are produced than survive – Competition is inevitable – Species generally suit their environment Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Darwin inferred that: – Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce – Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits In other words, the natural environment “selects” for beneficial traits Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig COMMON ANCESTOR Warbler finches Insect-eaters Seed-eater Bud-eater Insect-eatersTree finches Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Ground finches Seed-eaters Cactus-flower- eaters

Fig. 1-23