1. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell and Reece, Biology, Sixth Edition Lectures by Dr. William Simmons PLEASE NO FOOD, DRINKS, CHEWING GUM ANY TIME IN THIS CLASSROOM Welcome, AP Bio Students Fall 2009

2. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell and Reece, Biology, Sixth Edition Lectures by Dr. William Simmons Important Resources: 1. Campbell and Reece, Biology Textbook 2. http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/ farabee/biobk/biobooktoc.htmlhttp://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/ farabee/biobk/biobooktoc.html 3. Assigned problem sets 4. Assigned articles Welcome, AP Bio Students Fall 2009

3. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell and Reece, Biology, Sixth Edition Lectures by Dr. William Simmons Chapter 1 Discussion Point 1: What is life? Biology: Exploring Life

4. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell and Reece, Biology, Sixth Edition Lectures by Dr. William Simmons Chapter 1 What is life? We will try to answer the question by considering The basic unit of life Characteristics of living things The organization of our living world Evolution, Unity, and Diversity The Scientific method Biology: Exploring Life

5. Discussion Point 2: List 4 ways Biology is connected to your everyday life. BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE CONNECTION

6. THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY: The scientific study of life Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs. Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil Discussion Point 3: How does energy flow among the following: Decomposers, Producers, Consumers?

7. Sun Air CO 2 O2O2 H2OH2O Chemical energy Inflow of light energy Loss of heat energy Producers Cycling of Chemical nutrients Consumers Decomposers Soil Ecosystem Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem -From the sun to producers to consumers and exits as heat THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY: The scientific study of life Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs. Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil… …to producers to consumers to decomposers and back to the environment

8. Discussion Point 4: List at least 6 Unifying Themes in Biology

9. 10 Unifying Themes in Biology Evolution~ biology’s core theme; differential reproductive success Classification~ KPCOFGS hierarchy of life The Cell~ all organism’s basic structure Heritable Information~ DNA double helix Structure & Function~ form and function Environmental Interaction~ organisms are open systems that interact with the environment Regulation~ feedback mechanisms Unity & Diversity~ universal genetic code Scientific Inquiry~ observation; testing; repeatability Science, Technology & Society~ functions of our world We will now consider 7 in detail

11. All organisms share a common set of features 1.Ordered structures 2.Regulation of internal conditions  Homeostasis

12. Discussion point 5: How does each diagram illustrate a characteristic of life? 1.Ordered structures 2.Regulation of internal conditions  Homeostasis

13. 3.Growth and development 4.Energy acquisition and release 5.Response to environmental stimuli 6.Interaction 7.The ability to reproduce and evolve  Adaptation

14. Discussion point 6: How does each diagram illustrate a characteristic of life? 3.Growth and development 4.Energy acquisition and release 5.Response to environmental stimuli 6.Interaction 7.The ability to reproduce and evolve  Adaptation

15. LE 1-5 25 µm Animal Cells (stained with fluorescent antibodies)

16. Cells are the structural and functional units of life A cell is the basic unit of life New proper ties emerge from the complex organization of a system, such as a cell Cells are the smallest unit of life that can perform all functions necessary for life. Discussion point 7: Recall and list at least 4 characteristics of living cells. Discussion point 8: Recall and list the 3 German scientists associated with “The Cell Theory,” developed 1835-1855.

17. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can perform all functions necessary for life. A cell can: 1.Regulate its internal environment. 2.Take in and use energy. 3.Respond to its local environment. 4.Develop and maintain its complex organization. 5.Divide to form new cells.

18. The Cell Theory When Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory in 1838, cell biology research was forever changed. The cell theory states that: 1.All life forms are made from one or more cells. 2.The cell is the smallest form of life. Twenty years later in 1855 Rudolf Virchow proposed an important extension of cell theory that: 3. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells.

19. Biologists investigate the full spectrum of life, from the biosphere to the biochemical reactions within a cell.

20. Discussion point 9: List in order of increasing complexity, several components of life, from atoms to organisms.

21. Atom Molecule Macromolecular polymer Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Levels of organization

22. Discussion point 10: List and define in order of increasing complexity, several components of living systems, from organisms to biosphere.

23. Organism – individual living entity Population – localized group of the same species Community – localized group of multiple species Ecosystem – localized group of biotic and abiotic components Biosphere – collection of all ecosystems Levels of organization

24. Ecosystems The biosphere Organisms Populations Communities Cells Organelles Molecules Tissues Organs and organ systems Cell 1 µm Atoms 10 µm 50 µm

25. Feedback Regulation in Biological Systems Regulatory systems ensure a dynamic balance in living systems Chemical processes are catalyzed (accelerated) by enzymes Many biological processes are self- regulating: the product regulates the process itself

26. In negative feedback, the accumulation of a product slows down the process itself In positive feedback (less common), the product speeds up its own production

27. LE 1-11 Enzyme 1 A A B B C C D D D D D D D D D D D Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Negative feedback Enzyme 1

28. LE 1-12 W Enzyme 4 W X X Y Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Positive feedback Enzyme 4 Enzyme 6 Enzyme 5 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

29. EVOLUTION, UNITY, AND DIVERSITY The unity of life: common features DNA - the genetic information for constructing the molecules that make up cells and organisms Each species’ genetic instructions are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s two helically coiled chains A C T A T A C C G T A G T A DNA specifies the genetic information within all cells. Variations within the sequence of DNA determine the diversity we see among organisms. However, because all organisms use DNA, a gene from one species can be inserted into a different species, and the gene may still be functional. The insertion of the human gene for insulin into a bacterial cell is an example.

30. Discussion point 11: List and describe the three Domains of Life:

31. The diversity of life can be arranged into Three domains (protozoans and algae, falling into multiple kingdoms)

32. Domain Archae

33. Domain Bacteria

34. (protozoans and algae, falling into multiple kingdoms) Domain Eukarya

35. LE 1-14 Ursidae Ursus Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya SpeciesGenus Family Order Class Phylum KingdomDomain Ursus americanus (American black bear)

36. Discussion point 12: Describe the important differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

37. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane- enclosed organelles, including a DNA- bound nucleus Prokaryotic cells lack such organelles, chromatin is in nucleoid Nucleus (contains DNA) Eukar yotic cell Prokar yotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Organelles 25,000  SEM 3,250  Figure 1.5A SEM 25,000  Figure 1.5B

38. Domain Eukarya (4 Kingdoms) includes – Protists (protozoans and algae, falling into multiple kingdoms) – The kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia 275  Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Figure 1.5C

39. LE 1-16a Cilia of windpipe cells Cilia of Paramecium 15 µm 5 µm

40. LE 1-16b Cilia of windpipe cells Cilia of Paramecium Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 0.1 µm

41. Discussion point 13: Who was Charles Darwin? Name the Theory he postulated. Name the title of the book in which he presented his theory. Discussion point 14: Describe the key points of his theory.

42. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life Charles Darwin postulated the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, presented two important concepts: 1.Species evolved from ancestors, and there was modification in the process or, as Darwin stated, “descent with modification.” 2.Natural selection occurs as heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others.

43. LE 1-20 Evolution of adaptations in the population Differences in reproductive success Overproduction and competition Population of organisms Hereditary variations

44. Discussion point 15: In Darwin’s Theory, what is selected? What does the selecting?

45. 1 2 3 Populations with varied inherited traits Elimination of individuals with certain traits Reproduction of survivors Natural selection is an editing mechanism… that occurs when populations of organisms, having inherited variations, are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others The genesis of the idea for natural selection was inferred by Darwin from two observable features of life. 1.Individual variation: individuals in a population have variable inheritable traits. 2.Unequal reproductive success: a population of a species will overproduce offspring, and not all will survive and reproduce due to competition.

46. LE 1-23 Large ground finch Large cactus ground finch Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Geospiza conirostris Medium ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Small ground finch Woodpecker finch Camarhynchus psittacula Large tree finch Medium tree finch Cactus ground finch Geospiza difficilis Cactus flower eaters Geospiza scandens Seed eater Ground finches Seed eaters Tree finches Common ancestor from South American mainland Insect eaters Bud eater Warbler finches Mangrove finch Geospiza fortis Cactospiza pallida Small tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Camarhynchus parvulus Green warbler finch Gray warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Certhidea fusca Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Cactospiza heliobates

47. All organisms have adaptations that have evolved by means of natural selection Killer whale Pangolin The product of natural selection is adaptation, the collection of favorable modifications in a population over time.

48. Discussion point 16: What does the word, SCIENCE, mean? In what two ways do we use the word, science? Is there absolute truth in science?

49. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature Science [Middle English, knowledge, learning, from Old French, from Latin scientia, to know] 1.Is a way of knowing 2.Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena There are no absolute truths in science, and all that we understand about nature comes from our ability to observe the world around us. Scientists do not “believe” in something. Instead of Faith, scientists have levels of confidence in explanations for natural phenomena.

50. Discovery Science In discovery science – Scientists describe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasoning (logic, from specific to general) to draw general conclusions Hypothesis-Based Science In hypothesis-based science – Scientists attempt to explain obser vations by testing hypotheses

51. With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses Hypothesis-based science involves – Observations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions – Deductions leading to predictions, and then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable

52. Discussion point 17: Name three hypotheses that are testable, scientific hypotheses. Name three hypotheses that are NOT testable, scientific hypotheses.

53. With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or educated guess at an answer to a problem or question that is being asked. A good hypothesis makes predictions that can be tested. Part of the process of hypothesis-based science uses deductive reasoning, which flows from a general premise to a specific premise. The important aspect of this process is that the deduction can be tested.

54. Discussion point 18: Can hypotheses ever be proven to be incorrect? Can hypotheses ever be proven to be correct?

55. Discussion point 19: What is “The Scientific Method”? List the component parts of “The Scientific Method.”

56. The five steps of the scientific method 1. Observations come from other scientists or results of earlier tests by the scientist. 2. Questions are asked about uncertain aspects of the observations: How? Why? When? 3. Hypotheses are tentative explanations of a phenomenon phrased in such a way as to be testable. 4. Predictions are logical, testable outcomes of the hypotheses developed by the use of deductive reasoning. Predictions take the form of if (statement of hypothesis) is true, then (predictions). 5. Tests of prediction are performed to determine if the predictions are supported (fail to falsify) or falsified. A hypothesis becomes credible when repeated attempts to disprove it fail.

57. Discussion point 20: Why is “The Scientific Method” more like a repeated cycle that a linear operation?

58. A Case Study from Everyday Life Deductive reasoning is used in testing hypotheses as follows – If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a particular outcome Observations Question Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis Two important qualities of the hypothesis-based science illustrated in the flashlight example. 1. A hypothesis must be testable. 2. A hypothesis must be falsifiable.

59. LE 1-25a Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Observations Question

60. LE 1-25b Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis

61. Discussion point 21: What is Technology? Is Technology different from Science? If so, how?

62. Many technological advances – stem from scientific research The science-technology-society relationship – Is an important aspect of a biology course Technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge and discovery. Scientists speak of discoveries, while engineers speak of inventions. Scientists and engineers benefit from the work and success of each other.

64. Science and Technology