The Federalist Era 1789-1800 Book Ends: Washington’s Inauguration to Jefferson’s Election Theme: Stabilized the nation, fixed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Major Events: Whiskey Rebellion, French Revolution abroad, XYZ Affair Formation of Political Parties, Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

Essay hint Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

I. Domestic Affairs

George Washington

The First Executive Branch

1st Congress Adopted the Bill of Rights Judiciary Act 1789, set up federal court system, empowered to rule on constitutionality of state courts Passed Hamilton’s Financial program (Beard Thesis?)

What caused political parties to form in the early republic, 1789-1800?

Hamilton’s Financial Plan Funding National debt at Par (paying back all the money they said they would) to establish good credit Assumption of State Debts Unfair to South, so a Compromise located and built the nation’s capital in the South, Washington DC Tariffs (tax on imports to raise revenue to pay off war debt) Excise Tax on Whiskey National Bank to promote business

Memory aide: (Befat is not a real term and should never be used in an essay!) B ank E xcise tax on whiskey F unding the national debt A ssuming the state debts T ariff

Who was Alexander Hamilton? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0aX8Jy1tME&safe=active Rap

Battle for the National Bank: Provisions: Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus revenues in the bank and print urgently needed paper money providing a stable national currency.  Opposition: Jefferson strongly opposed the bank on strict interpretation of the Const. Hamilton argued loose construction “elastic clause” (Implied Powers) Provided for passing any laws "necessary & proper“ to carry out the powers vested in the various governmental agencies.” Bank issue sparked division

The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) SW Penn. backcountry folks hard hit by Hamilton's excise tax. Torched buildings, tarred & feathered revenue officers, tax collections came to a halt Washington led army of 13,000 to crush rebellion, no opposition Significance: Showed federal gov. could handle uprisings and Const. worked

"...if the laws are to be so trampled upon with impunity, and a minority...is to dictate to the majority, there is an end put at one stroke to republican government...for some other man or society may dislike another law and oppose it with equal propriety until all laws are prostrate, and everyone will carve for himself." - George Washington's observation about the Whiskey Rebellion

Today on Divorce Court

Birth of the Party System Founding Fathers in 1787 did not envision the existence of political parties. (Federalists & Anti-Federalist were not formal parties, but factions) By 1792-1793, two well-defined groups had crystallized:                 i.  Hamiltonian Federalists                 ii. Jeffersonian Republicans

Federalists Believed in gov. by the upper class Distrusted the common people, “Mobocracy”  Supported a strong central government  Encouraged business and manufacturing Pro-British in foreign policy 

Jeffersonians (Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans) Advocated the rule for the common person Biggest appeal was to the middle and lower class: yeoman farmers, laborers, artisans, and small shopkeepers. Economy: Promoted an agrarian economy Pro French in foreign policy

Hamilton and Jefferson Disagree (What a surprise !!! More disagreement)

II. Foreign Affairs

Foreign Policy French Revolution # 1 issue from 1792-1815, eventually became a world war (Reign of Terror => Napoleon) Washington's Neutrality Proclamation (1793) Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war between Britain and France, set foreign policy precedent for next 125 years

Citizen Genet, 1793 French envoy/ profiteer  undertook to entice  U.S. profiteers to outfit French ships and supply the French war cause; he recruited Americans Washington demanded his withdrawal & Genet was replaced.

Jay’s Treaty (1794) Averted war with Britain 1. British renewed their pledge to remove their posts from U.S. soil (as in 1783) 2. British consented to pay damages for recent seizures of American ships and US pay pre-Revolution debts to British Merchants 3. British refused stop impressments Significance: Most important immediate cause for formation of the Democratic-Republican party. 

Jay’s Treaty “Damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won’t damn John Jay! put lights in his window and sit up all night damning John Jay!

Pinckney Treaty of 1795 Granted free navigation of the Mississippi River to the U.S. including right of deposit at the port city of New Orleans from Spain

Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 Stay away from political parties and foreign entangle-ments

Electoral Votes-1796

John Adams (Federalist), 1796-1800 "Quasi-War" with France French started to seize American ships as a reaction to Jay’s Treaty Full-blown war seemed imminent; Adams kept U.S. out by the Convention of 1800, greatest accomplishment, yet hurt him politically

XYZ Affair, 1797  Adams sent a delegation to Paris to discuss the conflict U.S. delegates secretly approached by three French agents, "X,Y, & Z" French demanded a large loan and a bribe of $250,000 for the privilege of talking to French foreign minister Talleyrand. Negotiations broke down War hysteria swept the U.S. “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 Purpose: Federalists passed a series of oppressive laws in 1798 that would reduce the power of Jeffersonians and silence anti-war opposition Alien Acts- Raised residence requirements for U.S. citizenship from 5 yrs to 14 yrs. Sedition Act-Anyone who impeded the policies of gov or falsely criticized its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. (Free speech, 1st Amend?) (Political, expired on March 4, 1801)

Matthew Lyon Career was an example of emerging partisanship Spat tobacco juice on Federalist Roger Griswold After Lyon was not expelled from Congress, Griswold attacked Lyon with a cane Lyon later wrote an article criticizing President Adams' 'continual grasp for power' and his 'unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice.‘ Jailed for sedition, he spent the winter in a jail in Vermont and was denied heat and a window that would close and constantly was taunted, but won his re-election campaign for the House Only man ever to win a Congressional election while in jail. Matthew Lyon

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 Jefferson and Madison were the secret authors Republicans believed States had right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congress, Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional Nullification: States had right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congress Compact theory – states made the Union and can leave when wants, final authority Significance: Later used by Southerners to support secession

Let’s practice http://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/bnewmark/APUSH%20quizzes/Whichpoliticalparty.htm

Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s.

Intro Background info on political parities Thesis statement Framers of the Constitution did not foresee political parties arising Factions: Federalists & Anti-Federalists Thesis statement The primary cause for the rise of Federalist and Republican political parities in American politics in the 1790’s was the divide over allegiance between Britain and France, while disagreements over Hamilton’s financial program further exasperated domestic tensions.

Foreign Affairs Jay’s Treaty- British British (Federalist) vs. French (Republican) Washington (Fed) Not side with French, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet Jay’s Treaty- British Adams (Fed) XYZ Affair Quasi Naval War with France

Domestic Affairs Washington (Fed) Adams (Fed) Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat) Bank #1, loose vs. strict constructionist Whiskey Rebellion Adams (Fed) Alien & Sedition Acts Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Conclusion Washington’s Farewell Address: Stay away from Political Parities and Foreign Alliances Revolution of 1800- Jefferson Hartford kills off Federalists Era of Good Feelings, 1815-1824, one party rule

To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly named the “Revolution of 1800”? Respond with references to TWO of the following areas: Economics Foreign Policy Judiciary Politics

Economics- Moderate Before: Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat) Cut debt down in ½, Gallatin. slashed Navy & Army budgets Revoked excise taxes, Agrarian economy, buys LP land for them Embargo Act, 1807- Rise of manufacturing Long Run: Clay’s American System Bank Internal Improvements Tariff, protectionist

Foreign Policy- Yes, big change Before 1800, Fed Pro-British w/ Jay’s Treaty, Anti-French, XYZ Affair, Quasi-War After 1800, more anti-British Pro-French- Louisiana Purchase, Macon’s Bill # 2 War 1812 Impressment Chespeake Incident- Embargo Act- Non-Intercourse Act Invaded Canada

Judiciary- No Revolution, Marshall (Fed) Court in charge Adams, midnight judges, stuffed the court Jefferson attacked the courts, Samuel Chase Marshall promoted federalist rights of a strong central gov. and business TJ would prefer States nullify, Vir & Kent Res. Marshall Cases: Marbury v. Madison, judicial review McCulloch v. Maryland- implied powers Gibbons v. Ogden- right to regulate commerce Fletcher v. Peck- right of contract Dartmouth v. Woodward- right of contract

Politics- Yes Peaceful transfer of power from Federalist Federalist die off, Hartford Convention, never have a President again TJ-Madison-Monroe Controlled Congress too Era of Good Feelings- One party rule

Essay hint Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799) Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

How effective was the Constitution at solving the problems of the Articles of Confederation at governing a new nation? Please limit your answer from 1781 to 1800. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s. Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson

Essay hint Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799) Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

Some historians have argued that a high tax burden on the colonists caused the Americans to rebel in 1776. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.