 Disasters lead to reform  1900 Galveston, Texas hurricane State commission – elected commissions with 2 year terms  1913 Flood Dayton, Ohio City managers & elected commissioners  The government is more ________  Reform Mayors - Detroit and Cleveland  Fairer tax structure, lower fares on public transportation, parks, schools  Cleveland – take over utilities (so corrupt)  19 Socialist Mayors – Gas & Water

Wisconsin Gov. Robert La Follette ( ), corporations should be treated the same as people (no special treatment)  Regulated railroads, mines, mills, telephone companies No more free passes, taxed at same rate as other businesses, commission to regulate Washington, California, New York

 Initiative – bill originating from the people (not politicians)  Referendum – bill the people (not politicians) vote for or against  Recall – the people get to vote on removing a politician from office prior to their term being up  Primaries – the people choose their political party’s candidates  By 1916 all but three states had direct primaries

 "Let the watchwords of all our people be the old familiar watchwords of honesty, decency, fair-dealing, and commonsense."... "We must treat each man on his worth and merits as a man. We must see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less."The welfare of each of us is dependent fundamentally upon the welfare of all of us."  --New York State Fair, Syracuse September 7, 1903

Square Deal: all get a fair shot corporations, consumer protection, conservation Corporations Trust busting – Good versus Bad  1902 Northern Security, 1904 dissolved  44 other suits Elkins Act, 1903  Public rate change publish, rebates not allowed (fine) Hepburn Act, 1906  Max rates, no free passes

 The Father of Conservation - "I recognize the right and duty of this generation to develop and use the nature resources of our land; but I do not recognize the right to waste them, or to rob, by wasteful use, the generations that come after us." (Theodore Roosevelt, Osawatomie, Kansas, August 31, 1910). Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Public money for dams & irrigation  1905: US Forest Services under Gifford Pinchot  Set aside land cannot be used ( million acres protected)  Five national parks  18 national monuments to be protected

 Not a Roosevelt…  Major trust buster  90 to TR’s 44  Mann Elkins Act 1910  ICC’s power  Set stage 16 th amendment  Payne Aldrich Tariff  Said would lower tariffs & wavered  Conservation issues  Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Hired B as secretary of interior – removed 1 million acres land Pinchot (former head Forestry) fired testifying against B

 Taft gets the Republican nomination  Roosevelt forms the Bull Moose Party/Progressive Party  Woodrow Wilson – Democrat  Democrats happy – why?  SOCIALIST – Eugene Debs  4 th run! Teddy – New Nationalism – government involvement Wilson – New Freedom – tariffs, trusts, high finance  TRUSTS  WOMEN”S SUFFRAGE  TARIFFS

New Freedom Triple Wall of privilege “trust, tariff and high finance (banks)” Underwood Tariff of 1913 First reduction since CW Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 – advertising & pricing Clayton Anti-trust Act of 1914 Legal – unions, striking, boycotts Illegal – certain business practices Federal Reserve Act, 1913 Government controls money supply

 16 th Amendment – graduated income tax (1913)  17 th Amendment – direct election of senators (1913)  18 th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol (1919)*  19 th Amendment – women’s suffrage (1920) **** 21 st Amendment – (1933)