1 Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 21

2 The TAs will hold a review session for the midterm exam on Friday, April 1 st, at 12:00 PM. Please meet the TAs in Kenny, If you are unable to attend the session and would like to review your exam, you may see your TA during her/his office hours or contact your TA to schedule an appointment to meet. Reminder

3 1.Does culture influence cognition? (continued) 2.What is the distinction between group-level acculturation and individual-level acculturation? 3.What types of acculturating groups exist within pluralistic societies? Perception, Cognition, and Acculturation

4 4. What is the typical process of adjustment during acculturation? 5. What are acculturation strategies and how are they measured?

5 2. distinguish between group-level and individual-level acculturation. 3. identify distinct acculturative groups. 1. discuss the influence of analytic thinking and holistic thinking on prediction and dialecticism. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

6 4. describe the U, W, and L curves of acculturation. 5. define cultural distance and cultural fit. 6. distinguish between the one-dimensional and two- dimensional models of acculturation. 7. describe distinct acculturation strategies and their relations to psychological adjustment.

7 3. Prediction Americans are more likely than East Asians to consider internal dispositions when making predictions about how people will behave in specific situations. In contrast, East Asians are more likely than Americans to consider situational factors when making predictions about how people will behave in specific situations. Does culture influence cognition? (continued)

8 Americans are more likely than East Asians to have difficulty tolerating contradiction. 4. Dialecticism (i.e., tolerance for contradiction) In contrast, East Asians are more likely than Americans to accept contradiction.

9 Yin and Yang

10 What is the distinction between group-level acculturation and individual-level acculturation?  The earliest definition of group-level acculturation was generated by Melville Herskovits and his colleagues: ●G●Group-level acculturation:

11 “Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups …. Under this definition acculturation is to be distinguished from … assimilation, which is at times a phase of acculturation” (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936, p 149).

12  As this definition suggests, group-level acculturation refers to the changes that occur to groups or collectives as a result of culture contact.  Culture contact between two groups may result in one or both groups undergoing acculturation.  Group-level acculturation may produce biological changes, social changes, political changes, and economic changes within collectives.

13 ●I●Individual-level acculturation:  Individual-level acculturation refers to the changes that occur to individuals as a result of culture contact.  Individual-level acculturation may produce value changes, attitudinal changes, and behavioural changes among individuals.  Individual-level acculturation is the primary form of acculturation of interest to psychologists.

14 What types of acculturating groups exist within pluralistic societies? ● In addition to the dominant cultural group within a pluralistic society, there are a multitude of other groups that undergo acculturation. ● The diverse experiences of these groups have made it difficult for psychologists to extract a set of generalizable findings from studies of acculturation.

15 Types of Acculturating Groups Voluntary Culture Contact Involuntary Culture Contact Non-Migratory Members of long- established cultural groups Indigenous peoples Migratory Permanent Residence Temporary Residence Immigrants Sojourners Refugees Asylum seekers

16 What is the typical process of adjustment during acculturation? ● Research suggests that the typical process of adjustment during acculturation follows a U-shaped curve:

17 The U Curve: Acculturation

The W Curve: Acculturation and Repatriation

19 ● Among the factors that influence the process of adjustment are: The homogeneity of the host culture. Cultural distance (i.e., the degree to which the heritage culture and host culture are similar). Cultural fit (i.e., the degree to which one’s personality is similar to the dominant values of the host culture). Acculturation strategies.

20 ● Early theories of acculturation strategies adopted a one- dimension or “mutual exclusion” model of acculturation: What are acculturation strategies and how are they measured? ● Acculturation strategies are the strategies that people use to reconcile conflicts between the norms and values of: (a) their culture of origin and (b) the culture of the dominant society in which they live.

21 Adopt normsRetain normsand values of dominant cultureculture of origin ASSIMILATIONSEPARATIONReject norms and values of and values of culture of origindominant culture One-Dimensional Model of Acculturation

22 ● This model defines two extreme acculturation strategies: Assimilation and separation. ● In contrast, contemporary theories of acculturation strategies adopt a two-dimension model of acculturation:

23 Two-Dimensional Model of Acculturation Adopt norms and values of dominant culture Retain normsReject normsand values ofculture of origin Reject norms and values of dominant culture INTEGRATION MARGINALIZATIONSEPARATION ASSIMILATION

24 ● The most influential two-dimensional model (Berry, 1997) uses questions to describe the two dimensions: “Is it of value to maintain cultural identity and characteristics?” “Is it of value to maintain relationships with the larger society?” ● This model defines two additional acculturation strategies: Integration and marginalization.

25 ● Although substantial evidence supports the two- dimensional model of acculturation, some theorists (Birman, 1992; Coleman, 1995) have suggested that this model fails to distinguish between two modes of integration: Alternation and fusion. ● Among the factors that determine which of these 4 acculturation strategies individuals will use are discrimination, physical distinctiveness, and SES.

26 1.Does culture influence cognition? (continued) 2.What is the distinction between group-level acculturation and individual-level acculturation? 3.What types of acculturating groups exist within pluralistic societies? Perception, Cognition, and Acculturation

27 4. What is the typical process of adjustment during acculturation? 5. What are acculturation strategies and how are they measured?