1. Identity & Acculturation Fall 20101

2. Culture & Identity: Three Views Fall 20102  Each focuses on different aspect of who we are & how we are defined by ourselves & others 1. Ethnic Identity 2. Racial Identity 3. Situational Identity

3. Ethnic ≠ Minority Fall 20103  Ethnic:  Minority: Thus, there are…  Non-ethnic minorities  Ethnocultural groups who are not minority

4. Example: Castro & Rice (2003)  59 Asian American, 65 African American, 65 White American students  Measures:  Perfectionism (MPS)  Depression (CES-D)  GPA

5. Castro & Rice (2003): Results  Asian Americans significantly more perfectionist than White American students  Asian Americans significantly higher GPA than other groups  Depression: no significant differences  Conclusion: Asian Americans should regulate problematic perfectionist tendencies

6. Culture & Identity: Three Views Fall 20106  Each focuses on different aspect of who we are & how we are defined by ourselves & others 1. Ethnic Identity 2. Racial Identity 3. Situational Identity

7. Ethnic Identity: A Cultural Perspective Fall 20107  At group level, reflects cultural heritage & for some ethnic groups, oppression, or reaction to discrimination

8. Ethnic Identity Development: 3 Phases Fall 20108 1. Unexamined ethnic identity 2. An encounter 3. Resolution Fluidity Between Stages

9. Ethnic Identity vs Racial Identity Fall 20109  Ethnic identity  Racial identity

10. Racial Identity (Janet Helms) Fall 201010  Premise: we live in a racially discriminatory society  Salient because people of color are socialized in a racially oppressive environment

11. Racial Models for People of Color Fall 201011 1. Pre-encounter 2. Encounter 3. Emersion/Immersion 4. Integration: Developing capacity to question societal racial beliefs about one’s own self 5. Commitment: Internalizing a personality that affirms racial identity as positive

12. Microaggressions  Verbal, non-verbal, and/or visual racially based actions, behaviors, & environmental indignities (e.g., contextual and/or institutional racial slights)  Often perpetuated by well-meaning individuals that ultimately invalidate the experiences of people of color (Russel, 1998; Solorzano, Ceja, & Yosso, 2000; Sue, et al., 2007; Sue, et al., 2008) Fall 201012

13. Fall 201013

14. Effects of Microaggressions Perceptions of Racial Microaggression Psychology Well-Being Linked w/ more feelings of isolation & alienation (Wing, 2007) Drug Use Fall 201014

15. Situational Identity (Joseph Trimble) Fall 201015  Identity is situational  Different situations bring out different aspects of who we see ourselves as being  Traveling

16. Acculturation Fall 201016

17. Acculturation Fall 201017 “phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original pattern of either or both groups” (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936)

18. Waves of U.S. Immigration Fall 201018  Potato Famine Years (1840’s – 1860’s)  Ellis Island Years (Early 1900’s)  1975 – present (Fall of Saigon)  Today’s anti-immigrant sentiments also found in prior waves

19. Types of Immigrants Fall 201019  Immigrants  Legal Immigrants  Undocumented  Refugees  justified fear of persecution/risk of life in home country *Family reunification for immigrants & refugees

20. Reasons for Migration Fall 201020  Economic  Refugees  Ideological  “Tied Movers”

21. Theories of Acculturation Process Fall 201021  From Melting Pot to Salad Bowl  What does this mean?  Early Theories:  2 Alternative Models Native Host

22. John Berry’s Biculturalism Model Fall 201022  Answering 2 questions: 1. Do I want to maintain my own culture? 2. Do I want to maintain relations with the other group? (mainstream or dominant culture)

23. John Berry’s Biculturalism ModelLowHigh HighSeparatistBicultural LowMarginalAssimilated Fall 2010 23 Culture of Origin Host Culture

24. Practice Question  Upon coming to the U.S., Mikhail changed his name to Michael, ceased speaking his native Russian and spoke only English, and adopted what he believed to be the values and attitudes of his new country. What acculturative strategy is this? a.assimilation b.separation c.biculturalism d.marginalization Fall 201024

25. Language, Identity & Behavior Scale (LIB; Birman & Trickett, 2001) Fall 201025 Language Identity Behavior Occurs differently depending on life domains, developmental stage, context

26. 5 Key Concepts Fall 201026 1. Bicultural Competence 2. Segmented Assimilation 3. Acculturative Stress 4. Acculturation Gap 5. Culture Broker Role

27. (1) Bicultural Competence Fall 201027  Strong cultural identity  Strong individual identity  Code Switching

28. (2) Segmented Assimilation (Portes & Rumbaut) Fall 201028  People assimilate to specific local context not broader host culture  Ex: Somali Bantu children speaking Spanish

29. (3) Acculturative Stress Fall 201029  Stress resulting from acculturation process  Example of acculturative domains where stress occurs for adolescents:  Language  Discrimination in school/community  Own culture peers  American peers  Family

30. 4) Acculturation Gap Fall 201030  Generational differences in acculturation process & speed  Generational Differences  Behavior  Language  Identity  Values

31. Acculturation of Children & Parents Fall 201031 Time in U.S. U.S. Acculturation parents children

32. Consequences of Acculturation Gap: Family Processes Fall 201032  Children less likely to see parents as authority  Parents cannot offer advice or supervise child’s development at school & with peers

33. Consequences of Acculturation Gap: Outcomes for Children Fall 201033  Positive  Sense of Contribution to Family  Negative  Family Disagreements/Conflict  Interrupted Adolescence

34. (5) Culture Broker Role Fall 201034  Children fulfilling family functions because of acculturation gap  Translating/Interpreting  Answering Phone  Making/attending doctor appointments  Translating at school in conferences  Tax Returns  Signing excuses to miss school

35. “Best” way to acculturate? Fall 201035  Assimilation?  Biculturalism?  Strong sense of ethnic identity?

36. No best way to acculturate Fall 201036  Depends on Group & Context  Latino/Vietnamese youth—  American acculturation related to bad outcomes  Retention of culture of origin to better outcomes  Former Soviet Refugee youth—  American Acculturation related to good outcomes  Retention of culture of origin—depends on domain