P LAN FOR T ODAY : 1. Remaining theories’ approaches to globalization: Marxism and feminism. 2. Will international politics fundamentally change in future?

M ARXISM Globalization intentionally built, not natural process (although may be inevitable “course of history”). Capitalist developed states created system and ideology to legitimate rules as “neutral”/ “fair.” Free trade regime only created after developed states built strong capitalist industries – earlier protectionist. Free trade regime only created after developed states built strong capitalist industries – earlier protectionist.

M ARXISM Future development predictions: 1. Classical Marxists: Crisis of overproduction and eventual world proletarian revolution. 2. Looser, more reformist Marxism: Popular pressure from exploited countries and global civil society  “responsible global capitalism” (Dunning).

F EMINISM Another theory that focuses on harmful outcomes of globalization. Globalization as devaluing feminized areas of life that affect women primarily. Feminist/ Marxist criticism of globalized capitalist economy.

“B AD ” G LOBALIZATION No IR “paradigm” that emphasizes “bad” globalization: transnationalized diseases, crime, extremist movements, etc. However, some scholars beginning to focus on this (e.g., Naim reading).

S UMMARY Theory one sees as most compelling likely based on intuitive orientation towards globalization. If see as inevitable and largely positive: liberalism. If see as negative process engineered by powerful actors: Marxism or feminism. If see world as largely unchanging through history: realism.

1. IR changed somewhat since Cold War, but not fundamentally. 2. Changed: Bipolar system  unipolar system. 1. Broader superpower goals possible. 3. Same: actors (states), interests (security), determinant (balance of power). 4. History as repeating stages in cycle (circular).

1. More substantial changes (neoliberals less revolutionary). 2. Globalization  more cooperation, rise of nonstate actors. 3. Changes may be permanent. 4. History is progress (line, not a circle).

1. Constant change in IR due to changing norms – may create fundamental shifts. 2. Changes will not repeat, may or may not be progressive. 3. History a line, but not always happy.

1. Dynamics remain unchanged unless domestic values/ structures change within states. 2. Democratic peace one general argument that expects big change (due to values/ structure change). 3. History may be a line, but likely weak slope.

1. Conflict in future not between states or political ideologies; instead between cultures or civilizations. 2. Civilizations do not change, but relevant civilizations in global politics have expanded beyond West. 3. Elements of domestic politics and realist approaches.

1. Triumph of liberalism (capitalism & liberal democracy) over all ideological competitors  no more conflict, end of history. 2. Past major competitors: fascism & communism. 3. Potential minor future competitors: religious fundamentalism & nationalism.

1. World changing: capitalist expansion & consolidation. 2. Eventual crisis of overproduction, revolution by impoverished, system collapse. 3. Possible reform to prevent revolution. 4. History a line of progressive stages, not circle.

1. World largely unchanging: exploitation and devaluing of women/ feminine remains constant. 2. Only the forms of exploitation change. 3. History simply oscillates around a point.

Minor Change  Realism  Domestic Politics & Decisionmaking  Feminism Major Change  Liberalism  Constructivism  Marxism