History Study Notes Andrew Newbound © Andrew Newbound 2013

ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS Unit 1 © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Assimilate –To blend into a community Colonisation –An area of land that people of another country take over Clan –Group of families with common ancestor © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Custodians –Original people who care for land, guardian, keeper Disease –A sickness, an unhealthy condition of the mind or body Dispossession –To be pushed out of possession © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Dreamtime –Time of ancestors Elders –Oldest member of clan with deepest spiritual knowledge European –People from Europe © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Indigenous –The original inhabitants of land Kinship –Blood relation Massacre –A general slaughter of persons or murder of large numbers © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Nomadic –Communities that move from one place to another rather than settling down Resistance –To stop something Semi-Nomadic –People who move from place to place in a limited area © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Terra Nullius –Land not legally belonging to anyone Totem –Sacred animal of a person or clan Tribe –Group of people © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Eora –Aboriginal people around Sydney Hulk –Disused ship Revolt –Rise up against the country © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Convict –Person who has committed a crime Custodianship –Taking responsibility for something Kamay –Aboriginal name for Botany Bay © Andrew Newbound 2013

Definitions Pardoned –Given freedom – not required to finish punishment Guerrilla Campaign –Uses raids & hit and run tactics to fight a war Brass Breast Plates –Reward to Aboriginals who had helped white settlers © Andrew Newbound 2013

Archaeological Discoveries Archaeologists changing ideas because of new discoveries At least years Aboriginals have been here BPBefore the present OchreReddish earth used for colouring ErosionWhen soil is blown or washed away ExcavateTo dig up Radio Carbon DatingWay of finding out the age of an object MiddenPile of ancient garbage, such as shells SitePlace where historical material is found ArchaeologistPerson who looks for and discovers historical objects buried in the landscape © Andrew Newbound 2013

Archaeological Discoveries Information at lake mungo –Had stone tools –They could cook, catch fish –Ochre used in religion –Travelled © Andrew Newbound 2013

Aboriginal Origins Aboriginals came to Australia at least years ago from Sunda by canoes and land bridges © Andrew Newbound 2013

Traditional Aboriginal Society Prior To Contact 1788 – about 1 million people living in Australia –Rich, complete culture governed by customs and laws Were inseparable from the dreaming (spiritual life) © Andrew Newbound 2013

Aboriginal Groups Tribes – Originally formed as family groups –Travelled then settled in parts of Australia Language Groups –Tribes met & intermarried with other groups – shared common language –Over 300 – each had own territory (was spirit home) –Reluctant to leave territory – contained many sacred sites © Andrew Newbound 2013

Traditional Aboriginal Society Did not disturb land Born into clan –Each clan had its own territory (country) Go into other’s country – permission –Knew country – travelled throughout country –Own language & song –Responsible for country, song, sacred sites © Andrew Newbound 2013

Traditional Aboriginal Society The Band –Group of people living off the land –Could belong to different clans E.g. Getting married, moving The standard of living –Lifestyle & nutrition – best in world –Climate - moderate © Andrew Newbound 2013

Traditional Aboriginal Society An Oral Tradition –No written language –Distinctive paintings Artistic tradition –Everything committed to memory Passed down by word of mouth © Andrew Newbound 2013

Traditional Aboriginal Society Communal Ownership –No individual plots of land –Clan was owner –Everyone had right to live on country Hunt, eat –Use own tools © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Dreamtime Time of creation Ancestral beings (spirits) –Travelled around Earth creating landscape –Human & animal –Came from sky & ground –After creation – returned to creeks & pools Aboriginal people base life on it Basis of religious belief © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Dreamtime Come From It Customs Rules Laws Beliefs Traditions From It Songs Dances Rituals © Andrew Newbound 2013

Aboriginal People & The Land Spiritual link Conserve resources – don’t die out Tribal Elders – governed society – except up North Marriages arranged at meetings Taught what to and not to eat by family Taught by –Father & Grandfathers (boys) –Mothers & Grandmothers (Girls © Andrew Newbound 2013

Use of the Land For Health –Medicine Man/Elders – Chemist –Medicine plants Turpentine bush – cuts & sores Rivergum – flu & chest congestion Lemongrass – colds & eyewash Lizards– head lice © Andrew Newbound 2013

Use of the Land For Food –Grasstree flower soaked in water – sweet drink –Edible grubs –Heated tree resin – water proof –Burrawang – poisonous –Prepared seeds – cooking Ground into flour © Andrew Newbound 2013

Use of the Land For Catching Food –Spiny leaves headed mat rush String Net bags Baskets Eel traps 1.Beaten 2.Soaked 3.Fibre separated Catch eels –Narrow winding trenches © Andrew Newbound 2013

Use of the Land For Preparing Food –Grinding stones – cooking –Heavy stone – bottom of camp Turned over – stop dust/water collecting –Smaller stone – taken to next camp/buried with heavy stone –Moved camps Banksia in flower – sweet drink –Turtles/swans laid eggs © Andrew Newbound 2013

Caring For The Land Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islanders –Care for land 1000’s of years –Spiritually connected to land –Feel responsible for land –Knowledge passed down Not lost © Andrew Newbound 2013

Caring For The Land Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islanders –Laws to follow Protect religious & spiritual sites –Can’t care & protect land (taken over) Still feel tie to land © Andrew Newbound 2013

Captain Cook’s Mistake 1770 – Captain Cook sailed East Coast Acquire & claim land for Britain – orders Laws for claiming land –Uninhabited Take possession & settle –Inhabited Ask for permission to use land © Andrew Newbound 2013

Initial Contact Cook decided – natives don’t –Have houses –Fence –Grown crops Didn’t consider different way of living © Andrew Newbound 2013

Initial Contact Natives (Eora) –Stayed away until realised Britain destroyed land Taking too many fish –Punished British Lead to conflicts –Nearly completely died due to disease – mainly smallpox Not buried – according to custom © Andrew Newbound 2013

Initial Contact - Timeline 1770 –Ct. Cook claimed Aus 1788 –1 st fleet 1789 –Smallpox epidemic –Bennelong captured 1790 –Pemulwuy begins resistance 1791 –4000+ British in Sydney 1792 –Guv Philips took Bennelong & Yemmerrawanyea to England © Andrew Newbound 2013

Initial Contact - Timeline 1794 –Yemmerrawanyea dies (pneumonia) 1795 –Bennelong returns –Martial law declared 1797 –Pemulwuy attacks Parramatta 1802 –Pemulwuy murdered – head to England 1805 –Dharug resistance cont –Martial law declared © Andrew Newbound 2013

Initial Contact - Timeline 1814 –Native Institution set up Gov Macquarie 1816 –General Friendly Meeting setup – meet with Aboriginals 1820 –300+ Aboriginals attend General Friendly Meeting 1823 –Native Institution moves to Black Town (now Blacktown) © Andrew Newbound 2013

Gov Phillip’s Relationship With Aboriginals Kind man – didn’t understand Aboriginals Laws broken (according to Aboriginals –Didn’t ask to use land –Didn’t share food of land –Allowed taking o Aboriginal objects & send to England –Place lookout post & flag pole on Aboriginal sacred site © Andrew Newbound 2013

Gov Phillip’s Relationship With Aboriginals His orders to kidnap several Aboriginals to help improve communication –Some died = revenge on British Special spear = sacred –Gov Phillips wanted it – wounded © Andrew Newbound 2013

Australian Colonisation Port Jackson –Sailed to on 1 st Fleet –“Best harbor in world” Captain Phillip Pemulwuy –1 st Aboriginal leader to organise attacks to British © Andrew Newbound 2013

Different Lifestyles – Lead to Conflict Ownership of land –Aboriginals don’t own land, British do Land not farmed (Aboriginals) –Taken over by British Difficulty gathering food on British land (Aboriginals) No respect for Aboriginal sacred land (British) Stealing British animals © Andrew Newbound 2013

Likely Outcomes of Conflicts British taking land off Aboriginals – no access Aboriginals –Arrested –Taken captive –Starved Fight over land War © Andrew Newbound 2013

How Did The Law Apply To Aboriginal Australians Australian Aboriginal Law –In Australia for 60,000+ yrs when British arrived –Passed down –Dealt with land, their shelter, food, clothing from land –Needed to move around –Stories full of messages –Land respected –No individual ‘owned’ land © Andrew Newbound 2013

How Did The Law Apply To Aboriginal Australians British Law & The Land –Land not sacred –Land owned by people Used to produce as much as possible –Show owned land – farmed it Aboriginals didn’t have farms –British thought land wasn’t used –No-one owned land in Australia –Like uninhabited © Andrew Newbound 2013

How Did The Law Apply To Aboriginal Australians British Law & The Land –People could own land, livestock & property –Trespassing against law –Taking animal owned by someone else – stealing Colonists began to develop the land conflicts Many colonists took law into own hand © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Myall Creek Massacre May 1838 –40 Kwiambal people arrive Henry Dangar’s Myall Creek Station, northern NSW No desire to kill cattle/sheep Lived off traditional food: –Possums – food & clothing –Fish © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Myall Creek Massacre Supplemented by gifts of tea, sugar, flour & tobacco Live & let live relationship –You don’t disturb us – we won’t disturb you Run by William Hobbs & 2 convicts: –Anderson (hut keeper) –Kilmeister (stockman) © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Myall Creek Massacre Two Aboriginal servants –Yintayintin –Kwimunga Two hired hands –Reid –Burrows Close relationship between stockmen & Aboriginals –Dancing & singing © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Myall Creek Massacre Hobbs – 5 June –Move out 100 heads of cattle to pond creek 6 men wanted to know of Burrows & Reid –If were Aboriginal people on Dangar’s Station and how long were there Burrows was eager to protect Kwiambal from attack Posse fighting, ugly force © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Myall Creek Massacre Aboriginal people ran to Anderson’s hut for protection Anderson had never met men Anderson could do nothing about Aboriginal’s fate © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Myall Creek Massacre Most of stockmen were convicts/ex-convicts Anderson & Kilmeister shared same attitude towards the Kwiambal people There was plenty of traditional food for Aboriginals Burrows wanted to protect the Aboriginals 28 bodies – counted by Hobbs before stench drove him away © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Myall Creek Massacre Kilmeister stood by the Aboriginals Hobbs wanted justice for the massacred Governor Gipps was not satisfied with the verdict at the 1 st trial © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Myall Creek Massacre 1 st trial – not guilty – 11 men 2 nd trial – guilty – 7 men Aboriginal people not allowed to give evidence in court – not Christians © Andrew Newbound 2013

Myall Creek Massacre 2 nd trial –Murder of innocent Aboriginal child Motive – revenge Posse – 7+ –8 June –Dangar’s Myall Creek Station –Search of Aboriginals © Andrew Newbound 2013

Myall Creek Massacre Every Aboriginal (28 bodies) –Stabbed then burnt 2 nd trial –Ordered over anger of 1st © Andrew Newbound 2013

Working Historically 9.16, 9.21, 9.22 Aboriginal at Point Pierce –Wanted to be treated fairly After Federation –Federal Government did not take in Aboriginal people © Andrew Newbound 2013

Results of Colonisation Aboriginal Loss of land Loss of life (disease) Loss of sacred sites Starvation Kidnappings Massacres British Gaining of land Loss of life (resistance) © Andrew Newbound 2013

MAORIS: COLONISATION & CONTACT HISTORY Unit 2 © Andrew Newbound 2013

Glossary Ariki –Great chief Hapu –Sub-tribe Hongi –Greeting in which a Maori presses his nose against to nose of a visitor, thus exchanging breath, the life force © Andrew Newbound 2013

Glossary Hui –Discussion, debate, meeting or gathering Iwi –Tribe Mana –Prestige or honour Marae –Meeting place of the village in front of the meeting house © Andrew Newbound 2013

Glossary Moko –Tatoo Pa –Fort surrounded by fences and ramparts Pakeha –White people Pata –A club © Andrew Newbound 2013

Glossary Rangatira –A noble Talaha –Long staff Tapu –Sacred, forbidden, untouchable Tekoteko –Carved figure on the apex of a roof Tuhunga –Experts (usually priests but can be other experts. E.g. wood carvers) Whanau –A family group Whare –A house Wharehui –Meeting house Wharewangara –House of learning © Andrew Newbound 2013

Comparison of Beliefs: Land Aboriginal Knew land No 1 person owned land –Clan owned Minimal impact Maori Owned land – tribal –Discovery –Conquest –Occupation –Inheritance Decisions about land – chief agree with Add to tribal land Stones - boundaries © Andrew Newbound 2013

Comparison of Beliefs: Spiritual Aboriginal Dreamtime Personal link to land Laws – had to follow Sacred objects Myths Maori Buried on own land Priests (chiefs) lead prayers Shrines – pile of stones No food in forest/canoe No women fishers Scared of breaking laws © Andrew Newbound 2013

Comparison of Beliefs: Economic Aboriginal Everything from land No ownership –Custodians Conserved resources Laws – taboos (forbidden) –Protect totems Spat seeds –Regrow Fires – promote growth No fences –Know boundaries Maori Lived in villages near fields –No moving Keep taking animal until told not to Burnt trees when 1 st arrived –Kept forest for hunting Agricultural Bartering – greenstone Stored in storehouses No 1 too rich/poor More given – more mana –Never wealthy © Andrew Newbound 2013

Comparison of Beliefs: Social Aboriginal Land belonged to clan –Inherit No headmen/chiefs –Except up North –Decisions – elders Consolt with each other Male elders –Real decision makers Maori 50 tribes under great chief –Controlled tribal area Each with own chiefs Extended family groups Status – position born Symbols worn by chief –Sacred –Handed down N/S islanders –Not same language –Still could communicate Slept – bracken, flax mats Storage pits Defence shelter – pa Boys trained as warriors Warfare - summer © Andrew Newbound 2013

Comparison of Beliefs: Education Aboriginal Boys –Taught to hunt –Taught by male relatives –Continued education until (initiation) –Maynot see family for months –Return Allowed to marry Girls –Taught by female relations Maori Learnt from grandparents Public gatherings & ceremonies Worked with parents Boys may be chosen for special jobs © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Haka Mythical Origin Ka Mate –Power of females Derived from sun god Ra –Had 2 wives – essence summer & winter Ra + Hine-raumate (essence of summer) had son –When son performs for mum + wiriwira Summer heat wave Haka performer’s hands Historical Origin Chief Tinirau –Wanted revenge for killing of his pet whale Sent women to Kae’s (man responsible) house Only knew his teeth Performed haka made all men in village smile Kae taken back to chief Tinirau’s village © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Haka Use Today All Blacks –Status in rugby –Invincibility –Ruthlessness Form of national expression N.Z.’s living overseas –Perform in foreign places –Officials asking for performances Haka –Unique symbol of N.Z. –Must be treated with respect Used in N.Z. Army –Unique –Female soldiers Start & End © Andrew Newbound 2013

Maori Pa Whare- Meeting house Storehouse- Raised building Teko teko- Carved figure on apex of house Marae- Area in front of meeting house Hui- Meeting © Andrew Newbound 2013

British Contact 1 st missionaries – not successful –No understanding – lack of respect –Strong beliefs of Maoris Missionaries became successful – after tribal wars –Respected, speak Maori © Andrew Newbound 2013

British Contact Good Effects from Christianity –Abolishing cannibalism, slavery, polygamy –Preached forgiveness, not revenge Bad Effects from Christianity –Undermined mana, tapu –Maoris became confused & depressed European arrivals –Brought guns- Exchanged crops for guns –Maori grew new crops- Brought diseases –Preached Christianity- Maoris supplied British © Andrew Newbound 2013

Treaty of Waitangi Differences between English and Maori versions –Who would rule over land (Queen – English, Chiefs – Maori) –The treasure –Problems – 2 copies, discovery of differences by Maori Differences between Treaty and Batman’s Treaty –What the tribes understood –Who agreed – N.Z. only North island saw, AUS only single tribe © Andrew Newbound 2013

Treaty of Waitangi – Good and Bad GoodBad -Tried to be diplomatic -Chiefs got something out of it -Understanding -It was unfair -South Island didn’t get a chance © Andrew Newbound 2013

Maori & European Use of Land Differences –Amount of land used for farming Maori kept land for hunting –What they farmed –Resource destruction British –Connection to land British Land deal in Rangitikei –Bad for Maori Lost land rights By 1901 –1000 new plants Maori had no rights –Unfair Name calling © Andrew Newbound 2013

The Maori Fight Back Maori wanted a king –Unite themselves –Have some control Settlers against king –Wanted ‘their’ queen British – ‘Maori Wars’ Maori – teriri pakeha –White men’s quarrel © Andrew Newbound 2013