Bones and the Skeletal System Advanced Biology 2013

Bones Cartilage Ligaments

Bones Osseous Tissue (Connective tissue)

Types of Bones Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Longer than they are wide Produce body movements Short Bones Equal in length and width Limited motion (Gliding) Flat Bones Enclose and protect soft organs Provide area for muscle attachment Irregular Bones Vertebrae, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

Long Bones Compact Bone (dense) – surrounds the medullary cavity which contains the bone marrow Spongy Bone (cancellous)- loosely organized form of bone tissue Diaphysis-Shaft, provides leverage Epiphysis-Expanded head, strengthens the joints Articular Cartilage-Where one bone meets another, Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage Spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) Spongy bone Compact Fig. 30-4 Cartilage Spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) Spongy bone Compact bone Central cavity Yellow bone marrow Fibrous connective tissue Blood vessels Cartilage

Flat Bones 2 layers of compact bone which encloses a middle layer of spongy bone (dipole)

Bone Cells Osteogenic Cells- Bone producing cells Osteoblasts-Bone forming cells Osteocytes-Former osteoblasts-help pass nutrients and chemical signals to each other Osteoclasts-Bone dissolving cells, on bone surface

Bone Marrow Red Marrow- Childhood, produces blood cells In adults, Red marrow is only present in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and proximal heads of humerus and femur Yellow-Young-middle aged adults, fatty and no longer producing blood cells Gelatinous-Old age

Skeleton Fig. 30-3a Skull Clavicle Shoulder girdle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

7 cervical vertebrae Intervertebral discs 12 thoracic vertebrae Fig. 30-3b 7 cervical vertebrae Intervertebral discs 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Hip bone Sacrum Coccyx

Fractures

Healing of Fractures 1. Hematoma Formation-Clot 2. Formation of granulation tissue 3. Callus formation (4-6 weeks) 4. Remodeling (3 months)

Joints Fibrous Joints- Sutures Cartilaginous Joints- Vertebrae Bony Joints- Mandible/frontal bone Synovial Joints Ball and socket, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Gliding, and Condyloid