Chuck White Director of Regulatory Affairs Waste Management/West Greenhouse Gas Update Chuck White Director of Regulatory Affairs Waste Management/West

The History of Solid Waste Management in the United States* Prior to the 1970s Sanitary landfills rare Wastes were dumped and burned to reduce volume Waste incinerators had no pollution control or energy recovery Minimal recycling or source reduction Major Changes Include Source reduction & recycling Composting of yard waste Integrated and regional solutions for solid waste “Waste-to-energy” facilities with minimal environmental burden Adoption of “Sanitary” landfilling practice Control landfill gas Leachate recirculation and other liquids to promote faster decomposition *Weitz K.A. et al (2002) The Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Management on GHG Emissions in the United States

Overall GHG Reductions for Solid Waste Management – All Sources 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1974 Technology Path 52 MMTCE Avoided MMTCE Actual Technology Path 1974 1980 1990 2000

Solid Waste Management GHG Sources and Sinks ? Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink

EPA Landfilling Mass Balance Third Edition: October 2006 Chapter 6: Two Key Landfilling Principles CH4 Emissions are Anthropogenic, CO2 Emissions Biogenic Incomplete Decomposition in Anaerobic Landfill Carbon Storage is Anthropogenic Sink – CO2 otherwise occurs http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/SWMGHGreport.html

A Lifecycle Analysis of GHG Sources and Sinks

Carbon Inputs to Solid Waste Landfill 24% 24% <1% Landfill Carbon: ~ 24% as CH4 ~ 24% as CO2 ~ 52% Storage (Lignins, Undecomposed Cellulose, and Hemi-cellulose) 52%

What About CA Landfills? (As reported in MMCO2E) Inventory 1990 1995 2000 2002 CEC 16.9 16.6 13.2 (1999) 2005 CCAT 20.7 (4.3%) 2005 CEC 10.0 9.8 9.9 (2.1%) 2006 CEC Emissions 8.1 7.9 8.0 (1.7%) Sequestration 8.5 6.4 5.5 Total (0.4) 1.5 2.5 (0.5%) Estimated 2000 Gross CA Emissions = 477

What About Landfill Carbon Sequestration? Is it Real? Well documented in technical literature Lignins & hemi-cellulose in anaerobic landfill ~ 50% of the total Biogenic Carbon in Waste Latest CEC GHG Inventory for 2004 Landfill Methane Emissions: + 8.45 MMTCO2E Landfill Carbon Storage: - 6.88 MMTCO2E Only includes lignin lumber and yard trimmings Other Sources of Lignins in Solid Waste Food, Cardboard, Paper Actual LF Carbon Storage?: - 14.8 MMTCO2E Twice previous estimates and more than offsets CH4

California Landfill Biomass and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

What is WM Doing About GHGs Now? Voluntary GHG Reductions – CCX Charter Member 6% reduction for 2003 – 2010 Carbon Neutrality Donations 2002 Winter Olympics 2004 Houston Super Bowl 2006 Harvard Business School – Offset Match !! California Climate Action Registry WM first SW company to join Pending Development of SW Protocols First CA-wide report for 2006 by Aug. 2007 Climate Neutral !! }

It’s going to be another busy and interesting In Summary . . . The Solid Waste Industry Has Made Tremendous Reductions in GHG Emissions -- More Than Any Other Industry Better Models for Estimating LFG GHG Emissions/Sinks Landfill Mass Balance: Recognition of LF carbon sequestration? GHG controls will maximize capture & use of landfill gas Waste-to-Energy LFG to Energy/Fuel Revitalized GHGs will Drive Recycling and Waste Reduction Initiatives It’s going to be another busy and interesting Decade !