Replacing Dirty and Toxic with Clean and Green TBF Environmental Technology Green Solvents Replacing Dirty and Toxic with Clean and Green David Pasin, President TBF Environmental Technology Inc. VOC Compliant Solvents

TBF Environmental Technology Presentation to: Western Coatings Show BiAnnual Conference 2015 25 - 28 October, 2015 Las Vegas, Nevada

TBF Environmental Technology Inc. VOC Compliant Solvents Develops, manufactures, markets, and distributes environmentally friendly, VOC compliant solvents, to industrial markets in North America, European Union and Australia: Paints and coatings Adhesives Printing inks Polymers Personal care General industrial cleaning and degreasing

Green Solvent Issues

“ ” Green Solvent Issues Many alternatives to MEK, Xylene, IPA and Acetone have been developed, but few work well: “ The opportunity to develop and market solvents with lower ecological and toxicological profiles is excellent…however, the perfect solvent is not available. Tradeoffs have to be made regarding efficiency, cost and environmental impact. ” Chemical Insight & Forecasting, Nov 2010.

Green Solvent Issues Over 10,000,000 US workers Exposed to toxic solvents on a daily basis. Solvent emissions destroy human health and pollute the atmosphere. US EPA and State regulators continually impose lower limits on VOCs. Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) and Xylene do not meet new regulations. Substitute green solvents currently available have serious limitations that limit their efficacy and acceptance.

Hydrocarbon Solvents A Huge Problem Many states are restricting companies annual usage of various hydrocarbon solvents, particularly Xylene and Toluene. Companies are trying to scale back usage of solvents and are looking for effective alternatives due to serious legal, health and environmental concerns. “Green” solvent alternatives are proving problematic.

Regulations Increasing EPA and State regulators, especially California, Texas, Massachusetts are continually imposing lower limits on VOCs of various products. Most “Biomass” produced solvents do not meet new regulations, and are shown to have serious environmental problems. Carbon footprint, emission byproducts and VOC issues are primary concerns in “biomass” based solvents.

New Regulations Massachusetts Section 7.18 is currently under review Proposing to add a new section (30): Adhesives, Adhesive Primers, Sealants and Sealant Primers to the list of regulated products. Limits are set to come into effect in 2015 and 2016.

California Air Resources Board (CARB) New Regulations California Air Resources Board (CARB) Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR): Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are not the only measurement of the impacts on air quality. CARB developed and has initiated the use of the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) value to quantify the propensity of a chemical compound to react in the atmosphere to form ground-level ozone.

California Air Resources Board (CARB) New Regulations California Air Resources Board (CARB) Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR): MIR is being adopted as a replacement for Low Vapour Pressure as more flexible standard in determining suitability of a solvent as “VOC-exempt” or “low VOC”. Focus on eliminating high-MIR compounds which will have the greatest impact in lowering ambient VOC levels.  

California Air Resources Board (CARB) New Regulations California Air Resources Board (CARB) Any product that meets the definition of an aerosol coating is regulated. Product could default to the lowest general-purpose coatings category limit if not properly labelled. General Coatings Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) limits lowered. Effective date 01/01/2017. New categories and New MIR limits for some categories called Specialty Coatings (A) effective date 01/01/2017. 

California Air Resources Board (CARB) New Regulations California Air Resources Board (CARB) More Reporting Requirements Largest Issue: General coating limits will be very challenging to meet. Aerosol coatings producers should review this regulation completely to ensure their products are compliant and categorized properly. CARB enforcement to be strict and target incorrectly labelled products.

Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) (Contribution to ozone and smog) MIR Data Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) (Contribution to ozone and smog) Methyl Ethyl Ketone 1.48 0 VOC MEK Substitute 0.49 Acetone 0.36 0 VOC Acetone Substitute 0.065 Xylene 5.84 Toluene 4.00 Parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) 0.11 Tertiary Butyl Acetate (TBAc) 0.18 0 VOC Xylene Substitute 0.079

Comparison of MIR Values MIR Data Comparison of MIR Values

Comparison of MIR Values MIR Data Comparison of MIR Values Xylene Toluene PCBTF/Oxsol TBAc 0 VOC

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC MEK Alternative A safe, effective, efficient and cost effective replacement for MEK Benzene-free Non-carcinogenic No hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) No ozone-depleting or creator chemicals Considered an Ultra-Low VOC Solvent (LVOC) in SCAQMD, 0 VOC in 49.75 states EPA Test Method 24: 2.66 g/l VOC Personal Care Council (INCI) Approved

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC MEK Alternative Can be used in: paints and coating formulations and cleaning paint and varnish removers ink and marker formulations and cleaning adhesive formulation and cleaning adhesive removers gelcoat formulation and cleaning fiberglass manufacturing

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC MEK Alternative Can be used in or as: surface preparation and precision cleaner general purpose surface wipe cleaner general and heavy duty degreaser laboratory and equipment wipe solvent brake and contact cleaner paint gun and paint line cleaner lubricating greases and oils automotive chemicals and cleaners undercoat formulation and cleaning waterproofing compounds household dyes and tints

Green Solvent Alternative Physical / Chemical Characteristics 0 VOC MEK Sub Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Acetate DiMethyl Carbonate Density (@25 °C) 0.97 0.804 0.932 1.07 Boiling Point (°C) 75.31 79.6 58 90 Evaporation Rate (n-BuAc=1) 3.62 3.8 6.0 3.2 Flash Point (°C) 9.0 -9.0 -10 17.2 Vapour pressure @20 °C (mm Hg) 125 74 165 18 Freezing Point (°C) -71.54 -86.7 -98 4 Solvency (Kb Value) 79.1 na 64 Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) 0.47 1.48 0.072 0.06 Hansen Solubility Parameters (MPA) δd (dispersion) δP (polarity) δH (hydrogen bonding)   7.87 3.72 3.59 7.8 4.4 2.5 15 3.5 3.7 15.5 3.9 9.7

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC MEK Alternative

Green Solvent Alternative VOC Alternative Advantages Lower, milder odour compared to MEK Similar evaporation rate to MEK Measured ER of 3.62. This is close to the published MEK ER 4.0 May have slightly less solvent power than MEK in the above epoxy formula. This may vary dependent upon formulation and other factors.

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC MEK Replacement Results Substituting the MEK with 0 VOC MEK Sub resulted in a minor 2 – 3 KU (Kreb Units) increase in viscosity. 0 VOC MEK Sub works well as a replacement for MEK in epoxy formulas. Moisture content is well below 500 ppm, making it suitable for use in 1 and 2K polyurethane systems.

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC MEK Replacement Results 0 VOC MEK Sub Oral Toxicity (LD50 Rat mg/kg) 2700 >5500 Dermal Toxicity (LD50 Rabbit mg/kg) 6480 >20,000 Long Term Organ Damage Yes No Central Nervous System Damage

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Replacement for Acetone A safe, effective, efficient and cost effective replacement for Acetone Benzene-free Non-carcinogenic No hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) No ozone-depleting or creator chemicals Considered an Ultra-Low VOC Solvent (LVOC) in SCAQMD and CARB, zero VOC in 49 states EPA Test Method 24: 2.82 g/l VOC Boeing Spec 5750 - approved for Aerospace Cleaning

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Acetone Replacement A 0 VOC Acetone Sub can be used in or as: paint formulations and cleaning ink and marker formulations and cleaning adhesive formulations and cleaning hard surface cleaning lubricating greases and oils aerospace cleaning applications automotive chemicals nail polish and polish remover

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Acetone Replacement TergoSol can also be used as a: surface preparation and precision cleaner general purpose surface wipe cleaner general and heavy duty degreasing

BTEX Solvents are Toxic Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, Xylene (BTEX) Proven to be serious risks to human health: asthma, lower birth weights, hearing loss and permanent damage to Central Nervous System. BTEX solvents are major emitters of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) which create smog. BTEX solvents pollute soil and groundwater.

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Xylene Replacement A safe, efficient, effective and cost-effective replacement for Toluene and Xylene, Parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) and Tertiary Butyl Acetate (TBAc). A 0 VOC Xylene Replacement: is formulated to be benzene-free. is non-carcinogenic. does not contain hazardous air pollutants. is environmentally hazardous ingredients. has no ozone depleters or creators. is 0 VOC and NPRI-exempt (SCAQMD Ultra low VOC 1.13 g/l).

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Xylene Replacement Designed for a variety of uses and purposes. Can be used as a diluent for: paints coatings adhesives resins silicones sealants Can also be used as a chemical diluent for: printing ink adhesives lacquers plastics perfumes pesticides leather tanning paraffin wax

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Xylene Replacement Physicochemical Property 0 VOC Xylene Sub PCBTF TBAc Xylene Toluene Specific Gravity (@ 25 °C) 1.00 1.34 0.86 0.87 Flashpoint (Tag Closed Cup (TCC) ºC 4.00 42.8 16.7 17 16 Boiling Point ºC 70-90 139 98 110.6-144 135 Appearance Clear liquid Clear liquid Viscosity @ 20 ˚C (CentiPoise Cp) 0.44 0.79 0.70 0.34 0.59 δ (Hansen solubility parameter) Hildebrand = 1 cal1/2 cm-3/2 9.18 9.15 7.77 9.36 8.88 δD (Dispersion) cal1/2 cm-3/2 7.76 8.8 7.5 9.2 δP (Polar) cal1/2 cm-3/2 3.42 2.9 3.0 1.3 0.68 δH (Hydrogen bonding) cal1/2 cm-3/2 3.46 1.9 1.15 0.98 Surface tension (dynes/cm at 20 °C) 25.03 25 22.4 25.32-28.7 27.73 Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1) 5.14 0.9 2.8 0.7 MIR (gO3/g VOC) 0.076 0.11 0.20 4.25 – 10.71 3.97 Solvency (Kb value) 90.30 64 114 105

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Xylene Replacement Experimental Data: a clear liquid with a mild fruity, non-offensive odour has a specific gravity of 1.004. evaporated faster than Xylene by a factor of 1.63-1.65 has a pronounced “tail” at end Aids in flow and leveling and helps prevent unwanted dry spray

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Xylene Replacement 0 VOC Solvent and Xylene Clear Tint Base Chain Stop Alkyd Formulation Properties Control Formula Formula With 0 VOC Xylene Sub Weight Solids, % 33.31 31.97 Volume Solids% 24.82 Specific Gravity 0.942 0.982 Viscosity, KU 95.2 58.1 Gloss 20⁰ / 60⁰ 86.0 / 96.6 82.5 / 95.8 VOC g/l minus exempt solvent 628 543 Dust Free, mins 15 10 Tack Free, mins 20 Hard Dry, mins 30

Green Solvent Alternative Solvency Comparison 0 VOC solvent has better solvency and solubility than Xylene and its conventional substitutes

Green Solvent Alternative Toxicity Comparison Xylene 0 VOC Xylene Sub Oral Toxicity (LD50 Rat mg/kg) 2119 >6000 Dermal Toxicity (LD50 Rabbit mg/kg) 1700 >5,000 Long Term Organ Damage Yes No Central Nervous System Damage

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Xylene Replacement Conclusions Improved odor Improved solubility Improved viscosity control Reduced overall VOC content No negative effect on: Gloss Flow Tack Film appearance Improved dry time

Green Solvent Alternatives New O VOC Compliant Solvents

Green Solvent Alternatives VOC Hybrid Alternative for Hexane An effective, O VOC replacement for Hexane, Xylene, Toluene and Percholorethylene Designed for the dissolution of block polymers, chlorinated rubber as well as a cleaner/degreaser and co-solvent in paints, coatings, inks and adhesives.

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Hybrid Hexane Replacement Physicochemical Property 0 VOC Hexane Sub Hexane Perc Xylene Toluene Specific Gravity (@ 25 °C) 1.067 0.657 1.63 0.87 Flashpoint (Tag Closed Cup (TCC) ºC 20.7 -26.0 258 17 16 Boiling Point ºC 70-90 68 122 110.6-144 135 Appearance Clear liquid Clear liquid Viscosity @ 20 ˚C (CentiPoise Cp) 0.69 0.31 0.34 0.59 δ (Hansen solubility parameter) Hildebrand = 1 cal1/2 cm-3/2 7.72 7.24 9.27 9.36 8.88 δD (Dispersion) cal1/2 cm-3/2 6.56 7.19 8.92 9.2 8.8 δP (Polar) cal1/2 cm-3/2 2.77 0.00 2.78 1.3 0.68 δH (Hydrogen bonding) cal1/2 cm-3/2 1.52 1.15 0.98 Surface tension (dynes/cm at 20 °C) 21.14 17.89 32.0 25.32-28.7 27.73 Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1) 2.57 8.1 2.6 0.7 1.9 MIR (gO3/g VOC) 0.062 1.86 0.20 4.25 – 10.71 3.97 Solvency (Kb value) 46.4 29 90 98 105

Green Solvent Alternatives O VOC Hybrid Alternative for Heptane An effective, O VOC replacement for Heptane, Xylene, Toluene and Perchloroethylene and 111 Trichloroethtylene An effective 50 state compliant (including SCAQMD) brake cleaner, light duty cleaning and degreasing, electronics and contact cleaner and as a co-solvent for resyn systems, paints, coatings, inks and adhesives.

Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Hybrid Heptane Replacement Physicochemical Property 0 VOC Heptane Sub Heptane Perc Xylene Toluene Specific Gravity (@ 25 °C) 0.936 0.696 1.63 0.87 Flashpoint (Tag Closed Cup (TCC) ºC 5.37 -4.0 258 17 16 Boiling Point ºC 59 98 122 110.6-144 135 Appearance Clear liquid Clear liquid Viscosity @ 20 ˚C (CentiPoise Cp) 0.58 0.31 0.34 0.59 δ (Hansen solubility parameter) Hildebrand = 1 cal1/2 cm-3/2 7.85 7.5 9.27 9.36 8.88 δD (Dispersion) cal1/2 cm-3/2 6.73 7.46 8.92 9.2 8.8 δP (Polar) cal1/2 cm-3/2 2.18 0.00 2.78 1.3 0.68 δH (Hydrogen bonding) cal1/2 cm-3/2 1.76 1.15 0.98 Surface tension (dynes/cm at 20 °C) 20.42 20.14 32.0 25.32-28.7 27.73 Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1) 3.99 3.3-4.5 2.6 0.7 1.9 MIR (gO3/g VOC) 0.0472 1.28 0.20 4.25 – 10.71 3.97 Solvency (Kb value) 47.6 28 90 105

Green Solvent Alternatives O VOC Hybrid Alternative for Slow Evaporating Solvent Designed as an O VOC replacement for Mineral Spirits, Methyl Amyl Ketone (MAK), Cyclohexane, Aromatic 100, 150 and Butyl Acetate An effective 50 state compliant (including SCAQMD) solvent and thinner for use in architectural and industrial paints, stains, sealers, coatings, inks, adhesives, formulation and general cleaning and degreasing, parts cleaning), paint gun and paint line cleaning and as a general duty use solvent to replace mineral spirits and similar type solvents

Physicochemical Property Green Solvent Alternative 0 VOC Hybrid Slow Evaporating Solvent Replacement Physicochemical Property 0 VOC S.E. Sub Mineral Spirits Methyl Amyl Ketone Aromatic 100 Butyl Acetate Specific Gravity (@ 25 °C) 1.190 0.79 0.815 0.87 0.88 Flashpoint (Tag Closed Cup (TCC) ºC 56.03 40.0 39 40 27 Boiling Point ºC 147.5 65-150 150 156 126 Appearance Clear liquid Clear liquid Viscosity @ 20 ˚C (CentiPoise Cp) 1.18 1.36 0.81 0.90 0.73 δ (Hansen solubility parameter) Hildebrand = 1 cal1/2 cm-3/2 8.4 7.6 8.5 8.6-8.8 δD (Dispersion) cal1/2 cm-3/2 6.78 7.71 7.9 8.7 7.7 δP (Polar) cal1/2 cm-3/2 4.04 0.05 2.78 0.3 1.8 δH (Hydrogen bonding) cal1/2 cm-3/2 1.64 0.1 2.0 0.7 3.1 Surface tension (dynes/cm at 20 °C) 24.53 24.7 32.0 29.0 25.1 Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1) 0.6 0.13 0.4 0.29 1.o MIR (gO3/g VOC) 0.097 1.21 2.80 7.51 0.89 Solvency (Kb value) 43.94 33 NA 93

Summary Issues: Greenwashing Toxicity Long Term chronic exposure Problems with alternative “green” solvents Regulations: Tightly revised Regulations in Massachusetts and CARB coming MIR Value of Solvents becoming increasingly important Overall VOC content of finished goods decreasing

Summary Possible Answers: EkaSol™ – O VOC replacement for MEK TergoSol™ – O VOC replacement for Acetone ZemaSol™ – O VOC replacement for Xylene, Toluene, TBAc, PCBTF KradaSol ™ - O VOC Hybrid Alternative for Hexane BerdeSol ™ - O VOC Hybrid Alternative for Heptane ShiraSol ™ - O VOC Hybrid Slow Evaporating Solvent Replacement

Replacing Dirty and Toxic with Clean and Green Thank You for watching Replacing Dirty and Toxic with Clean and Green David Pasin, President TBF Environmental Technology Inc.