17 Major Employment Centers workersCitytypology HBP20,777 Pleasanton Mixed use edge city w/ sharp boundary SSF32,445 SSF Major employment center w/ sharp boundary SRP24,763 Palo Alto Named employment center w/ sharp boundary Bish23,894 San Ramon Named employment center w/ sharp boundary emery17,952 Emeryville Mixed use edge city w/ sharp boundary stan39,204 Stanford Mixed use edge city w/ sharp boundary - incl dntn PA shore25,103 Mtn View Named employment center w/ sharp boundary moffet33,837 multiple Named employment center w/ sharp boundary whisman25,836 Mtn View Portion of Silicon Valley job glob greatam47,836 Santa Clara Portion of Silicon Valley job glob nFirst82,801 San Jose Portion of Silicon Valley job glob ,612 Milpitas Major employment center w/ a Great Mall, sharp boundary oakmead75,701 Sunnyvale Portion of Silicon Valley job glob SJC21,359 San Jose Airport major employment center Cup32,115 Cupertino Lots of Apple jobs, residential. A big mall. Fuzzy border. ibm15,904 San Jose Named employment center w/ sharp boundary walnut26,935 Walnut Creek Fully mixed use edge city w/ sharp boundary total594,074

Great Mall

Stanford Research Park Palo Alto, SV “dad” 25K jobs 50% paved, no sidewalks Commute Shed: –47% within 2 miles of Caltrain –49% w/i 10 miles 80% SOV, 11% pool, 1% rail 18 mi one-way.

Suburban Smart Growth Stinks East Bay BART TOD: 40% transit commutes –Commute to auto-hostile San Francisco South Bay Caltrain TOD: 17% transit commutes –High driving residents “crowd out” green commuters –Non-TOD South Bay: 4% or less transit commutes Suburban VTA LRT “TOD without the T” – Calthorpe Hence, make Smart Growth smarter: 1.PRT as shuttle bus on steroids, creating comprehensive new mobility 2.Avego-style iPooling (instant ridesharing) 3.Green commute housing preference 4.Workplace parking charges + incentives 5.Green behavior culture change for large new residential communities SPUR: “interesting.” Cities21: adopted recommendations.

1. PRT – Steroid Shuttle Bus

SRP PRT 5 mile system –17 stations $35M to $75M –Capital cost Vehicle Storage

Comprehensive, Integrated Mobility Door to Door Delivery services, Personal activities, Business services first mile Train, HSR first mile Bus Web/wireless coordination Supportive policy context Scale! Short carpool pick up first mile Long carpool Improved match-making Shared parking, iPooling PRT system LAST MILE mid-day trips Walk Bike, scooter iPooling Centralized Cars: share, rent, ride home

Palo Alto and Pleasanton Market Research (300+ surveys) Solo commutes: 89%  45% –Carpool: 9%  32%, train: 0%  15.5% train –For 20K people, removes 6,600 autos 350 s.f. per space  50 acres.

2. Avego-Style iPooling iPhone instant carpooling –111MB M4V: 1:43-3:50

3. Move closer to your job: Green Commute Housing Preference Priority access to new housing for green commuters –Waiting list The most cost-effective traffic reduction policy (ever). SF  San Jose (swap) –Or, “Proximate Commute” for Starbucks workers.

Green Commute Hsng Examples Santa Barbara: 42 affordable apts –40 block walkable, mixed-use downtown –Priorities: no cars, work downtown –Result: TWENTY cars Stanford West Apts: 515 apts –Shuttle bus, biking, hostile to cars –396 Stanford, 96 hospital, 14 Palo Alto, 9 long commutes –10% short-commute rent discount –2.6 MM less VMT/CO2 lbs./yr Redwood City: 800 mkt rate condos –1 mi from dntn, bike path –Cities21 victory –4 months: green commutes.

4. Workplace Parking Charges + Incentives Paid parking (at suburban offices) reduces commute trips (and CO2) by 23%+ –MTC: “Charging for parking is the holy grail” Tragedy of the Commons – no office wants to be the first to charge  less competitive –Perverse $7.59 daily SOV suburban subsidy (SF charges) Need to all “jump in together” –smoking ban in bars: Bloomington, St. Paul, Minneapolis Complicated to implement –Web-based self-reporting enables low-cost implementation.

Commute: carrot + stick Cashout: pay employees not to park –$4/day  78% SOV to 74%  $26/day –Small carrots are ignored Parking charges (sticks) work: –eBay SJ: 80% SOV, eBay SF: 43% SOV Free suburban parking –Perverse $7.59 per day SOV subsidy Start w/ $0.25 charge + $1 cashout –Phased spread to $2 charge + $4 cashout –Big companies first, little companies next.

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5. Culture: Low Mileage Community Exploit behavior research Non auto-centric culture Good Deeds (make it easy) EBay’s online community phenomenon –Make friends, achieve social status –Self polices bad behavior “Communities of Practice” – expertise around a problem domain (green commutes).

Low Mileage Community (2) Big new residential complex Everyone signs low mileage pledge –Entry condition to obtain housing –People are “self-consistent” Manufacture a tipping point –Currently, it’s often dumb to be green –Positive peer pressure Problem-solving think tank. Online & in person –Carpool to grocery store –Ex: Biking learning curve: route, gear, defensive People love to share such self-discovered expertise –Delivery services, etc.