Chapter 8 Population Change

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
The number of organisms per unit area
Advertisements

Population in Ecology.
HUMAN POPULATION DYNAMICS
Population Ecology. Dynamics of species’ populations Interaction of populations with environment Population Ecology.
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 51 Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology.
Chapter 4 Population Ecology
Chapter 51 Population Ecology.
Population Change Chapter 8. Principles of Population Ecology Population ecologists ask: 1) How many are in the population? 2) Are its numbers increasing.
POPULATION ECOLOGY.
Population Ecology 1. Density and Distribution 2. Growth
Chapter 5 Populations. Biotic Potential: The size a population would reach if all offspring were to survive and reproduce.
Changes in Population Size Text p Population Dynamics Populations always changing in size – Deaths, births Main determinants (measured per unit.
Chapter 8 Population Change
Population Dynamics. Principles of Population Ecology Objectives: 1.Define Population Ecology 2.Define growth rate and explain the factors that produce.
Chapter 8 Population Change. Overview of Chapter 8 Principles of Population Ecology Reproductive Strategies The Human Population Demographics of Countries.
Population characteristics
Population Ecology. Population Dynamics Population: All the individuals of a species that live together in an area.
Ecology of Populations
Population Ecology  Size – represented by N  Density – number of individuals per area – 100 buffalo/km 2  Dispersion – how individuals are distributed.
Chapter 8 Population Change. Principles of Population Ecology  Population Ecology  Study of populations and why their numbers change over time  Population.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Population Biology Concepts Population ecology Carrying capacity Reproductive strategies Survivorship.
POPULATION BIOLOGY.
Snowshoe Hare and Canada Lynx Population: a group the same species that live in the same place at the same time Resources: food, water, shelter, space.
Chapter 53 Population Ecology. Population Dynamics…  Changes that occur in: Population size Density Dispersion Age distribution  …due to environmental.
Population Change. Overview of Chapter 8 o Principles of Population Ecology o Reproductive Strategies o The Human Population o Demographics of Countries.
14.2 Measuring and Modeling Population Change Read p.660 – 670 Practice Questions! –P.664 #1 –P.665 #2 –P.668 #3, 4.
Chapter 4: Population Biology
Biology Chapter 4- Population Biology
Ch. 8 (7 th edition), part of Ch. 5 (8 th edition) Population Change.
Population Ecology- Continued
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population Ecology.
Principles of Population Ecology
Chapter 9 Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology Miller – Living in the Environment 13 th ed.
Chapter 8 Population Ecology.  They were over- hunted to the brink of extinction by the early 1900’s and are now making a comeback. Core Case Study:
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Ecology A population is a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general.
Population Ecology. What is a Population? Population - A group of individuals of the same species that live together and interbreed Populations: o Share.
Unit 3 Ecosystems Topic 6: Population ecology Populations All of the individuals of a species in a given area at the same time Characteristics of populations.
Chapter 8 Population Ecology. Chapter Overview Questions  What are the major characteristics of populations?  How do populations respond to changes.
Limits of Populations. Questions for today: What is Population Dynamics? What is Population Dynamics? How does Population Distribution affect Population.
Biology Chapter 4 Population Biology. 4.1 Population Growth If you graph population vs. time, there are some common patterns visible Initially, your graph.
Chapter 8 Population Ecology. POPULATION DYNAMICS AND CARRYING CAPACITY  Most populations live in clumps although other patterns occur based on resource.
POPULATION DYNAMICS Population: All the individuals of a species that live together in an area Demography: The statistical study of populations, allows.
Population Ecology (Ch. 52) population ecosystem community biosphere organism.
HUMAN SOCIETY. FACTORS AFFECT POPULATION Limiting factor limits the growth, abundance or distribution of the population of a group Limiting factor principle.
Chapter 8 Population Change. Overview of Chapter 8 o Principles of Population Ecology o Reproductive Strategies o The Human Population o Demographics.
Interdependence of Life: Introductions to Populations V9AZgo2t1k.
Population Dynamics.
Breakout Questions: In this sign, what does “Maximum Capacity” mean?
Population Ecology 1.
Chapter 8 Population Change
Chapter 8 Population Change
During the 1990s, the United States experienced high levels of immigration (people moving to the United States), which contributed to slow population increase.
Chapter 8 Population Change.
Ecology! Sections
Population and Community Ecology
Population Dynamics.
Population Ecology.
Population Ecology.
Population Ecology.
Chapter 8 Population Change
Chapter 8 Population Change.
Population Ecology!.
Population Ecology.
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control
Chapter 53 Population Ecology.
Population Ecology.
Population Ecology.
(environmental resistance)
Chapter 8 Population Change.
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 8 Population Change

Overview of Chapter 8 Principles of Population Ecology Factors that Effect Population Size Reproductive Strategies Metapopulations The Human Population Demographics of Countries Demographics of United States

Principles of Population Ecology Study of populations and why their numbers change over time Important for Endangered species Invasive species Population Group of individuals of same species living in the same geographic area at the same time

Population Density Population density The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume at a given time Ex: minnows per liter of pond water Ovals below have same population, and different densities

Change in Population Size

Change in Population Size

Calculating Population Change Death rate Growth rate Emigration rate r = (b – d) + (i – e) Birth rate Immigration rate Birth (b), Death (d), Immigration (i) and Emigration (e) are calculated per 1000 people

Maximum Population Growth Intrinsic Rate of Growth (Biotic Potential) Growth rate under ideal conditions J- Shaped Curve (exponential growth)

Environmental Resistance Environmental limits (resistance) Prevent indefinite reproduction Unfavorable food, water, shelter, predation, etc. Carrying Capacity (K) Maximum # of individuals an environment can support Causes leveling off of exponential growth S-shaped curve of logistic population growth

Population Crash Overshooting carrying capacity can lead to population crash Abrupt decline in population density

Factors That Affect Population Size Density Dependent Factor Factor whose effect on population changes as population density changes Examples: Predation Disease Competition Sometimes cause Boom-or-Bust Population Cycles

Boom-Or-Bust Population Cycles

Case Study- Predator Prey Dynamics on Isle Royale As wolf population increases, moose population decreases (and vice versa)

Factors That Affect Population Size Density Independent Factors Factors that affect population size, but is not influenced by changes in population density Examples: Killing frost Severe blizzard Fire

Reproductive Strategies r-selected species k-selected species -Small body size - Early maturity - Short life span - Large broods - Little or no parental care Probability of long term survival is low Mosquitoes and Dandelions Small broods Long life span Slow development Large body size Late reproduction Low reproductive rate Redwood trees and human beings

Survivorship

Some populations fit two curves Herring Gulls Type III & Type II

Metapopulations A set of local populations among which individuals are distributed in distinct habitat patches across a landscape Source habitats Sink habitats

Metapopulations

Human Population Demography Science of population structure and growth Human Population since 1980 is J-shaped curve

Population Increase in Mexico

Projecting Future Populations Population is increasing Growth rate (r) has started to decline Projections for 2050 Low = 7.7 billion High = 10.6 billion Most likely = 9.1 billion

Demographics of Countries 2014 10 Most Populous (millions) China 1364 India 1296 United States 318 Indonesia 251 Brazil 203 Pakistan 194 Nigeria 177 Bangladesh 158 Russia 144 Japan 127

Demographic Stages Pre-industrial Stage Transitional Stage Birth and death rates high, modest population growth Transitional Stage Lowered death rate, rapid population growth Industrial Stage Birth rate decline, population growth slow Post Industrial Stage Low birth and death rates, population growth very slow

Demographic Stages

Fertility Changes in Select Countries

Highest Fertility Rates - 2013

Lowest Fertility Rates - 2013

Age Structure Diagrams

Worldwide 29% of human population is under age 15 Could cause large increase in birth rates

Education of Immigrants into US