1. Chapter 8 Population Change

2. Principles of Population Ecology  Population Ecology  Study of populations and why their numbers change over time  Population density  The # individuals of a species/area or volume at a given time

3. Studying Populations  How to Study Populations:  Quadrats  Transects  Capture-recapture methods

4. Bird bands

5. Change in Population Size

6. Growth rate Birth rate Death rate Immigration rate Emigration rate r = (b – d) + (i – e) Calculating Population Change

7. Maximum Population Growth  Intrinsic Rate of Growth  Growth rate under ideal conditions  J- Shaped Curve (exponential growth)

8. Logistic Growth

9. Population Crash  Overshooting carrying capacity can lead to population crash

10. Factors That Affect Population Size  Density Dependent Factor  Factor whose effect on population changes as pop. density changes  Examples:  Food  Shelter

11. Boom-Or-Bust Population Cycles

12. Case Study- Predator Prey Dynamics on Isle Royale  As wolf population increases, moose population decreases (and vice versa)

13. Factors That Affect Population Size  Density Independent Factors  Factors that affect population size, but are not influenced by changes in population density  Examples:  Killing frost  Severe blizzard  Fire

14. Reproductive Strategies r-selected species -Small body size - Early maturity - Short life span - Large broods - Little or no parental care - Probability of long term survival is low - Mosquitoes and Dandelions k-selected species - Small broods - Long life span - Slow development - Large body size - Late reproduction - Low reproductive rate - Redwood trees and human beings

15. Survivorship

16. Some populations fit two curves  Herring Gulls  Type III & Type II

17. Metapopulations  A set of local populations among which individuals are distributed in distinct habitat patches across a landscape  Source habitats  Sink habitats

18. Metapopulations

19. Human Population  Demography  Science of population structure and growth  Human Population since 1980 is J-shaped curve

20. Population Increase in Mexico

21. Demographics of Countries

22. Demographic Stages

23. Fertility Changes in Select Countries

24. Age Structure Diagrams

25. Worldwide  29% of human population is under age 15  Could cause large increase in birth rates