Essence and history of interest groups. Definition A collection of individuals linked together by professional circumstance, or by common political, economic,

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Presentation transcript:

Essence and history of interest groups

Definition A collection of individuals linked together by professional circumstance, or by common political, economic, or social interest such that: A collection of individuals linked together by professional circumstance, or by common political, economic, or social interest such that: –Its name does not appear on a ballot –It uses some portion of its resources to influence decisions made by some government entity –It is organized externally to government

Historical Development Existed pre-Revolution Existed pre-Revolution Early groups organized at state level Early groups organized at state level Explosion of groups : why? Explosion of groups : why? –Disturbance theory –Changes in Congress Second explosion since 1960 Second explosion since 1960 –Disturbance theory –Social movements –Educated middle class

Early groups 1833 American Anti Slavery Society 1833 American Anti Slavery Society 1834 National Trades Union 1834 National Trades Union 1847 American Medical Association 1847 American Medical Association 1867 National Grange 1867 National Grange 1871 National Rifle Association 1871 National Rifle Association 1886 American Federation of Labor 1886 American Federation of Labor 1892 Sierra Club 1892 Sierra Club 1909 NAACP 1909 NAACP 1912 US Chamber of Commerce 1912 US Chamber of Commerce 1924 National League of Cities 1924 National League of Cities

The contemporary group landscape

Types of groups Membership organizations Membership organizations –Trade and Professional Associations –Labor unions –Citizen groups Institutional interests Institutional interests –Charitable and Religious Groups –Corporations –Intergovernmental Lobby

Setting priorities What affects members most? What affects members most? What issues are most central to group’s goals? What issues are most central to group’s goals? Timing in political environment Timing in political environment Hard to drop an issue Hard to drop an issue

What do they do to get what they want? Testify at Congressional hearings (99%) Testify at Congressional hearings (99%) Contact government officials (98%) Contact government officials (98%) Engage in unofficial contact with officials (95%) Engage in unofficial contact with officials (95%) Present research or technical info (92%) Present research or technical info (92%) Send letters to officials (92%) Send letters to officials (92%) Enter into coalitions with other groups (92%) Enter into coalitions with other groups (92%) Attempt to shape implementation of law (90%) Attempt to shape implementation of law (90%) Talk with the media (89%) Talk with the media (89%) Help draft legislation (85%) Help draft legislation (85%) Inspire letter writing campaigns (84%) Inspire letter writing campaigns (84%) Shape govt agenda by raising new issues (84%) Shape govt agenda by raising new issues (84%)

What do they do to get what they want? Have influential constituents contact members of Congress (80%) Have influential constituents contact members of Congress (80%) Mount grassroots lobbying efforts (80%) Mount grassroots lobbying efforts (80%) Alert members of Congress to effects of legislation on their districts (75%) Alert members of Congress to effects of legislation on their districts (75%) Filing suit (72%) Filing suit (72%) Contribute to campaigns (58%) Contribute to campaigns (58%) Doing favors for elected officials (56%) Doing favors for elected officials (56%) Publicize candidates’ voting records (44%) Publicize candidates’ voting records (44%) Run ads in the media (31%) Run ads in the media (31%) Conribute work or personnel to electoral campaigns (24%) Conribute work or personnel to electoral campaigns (24%) Endorse candidates (22%) Endorse candidates (22%) Protest/demonstrate (20%) Protest/demonstrate (20%)

Funding the group’s activities

Expenditures on lobbying, 2008 US Chamber of CommerceUS Chamber of Commerce$91,725,000 US Chamber of Commerce Exxon Mobil$29,000,000 Exxon Mobil$29,000,000 Exxon Mobil Exxon Mobil AARP$27,900,000 AARP$27,900,000 AARP PG&E Corp$27,250,000 PG&E Corp$27,250,000 PG&E Corp PG&E Corp Northrop Grumman$20,743,252 Northrop Grumman$20,743,252 Northrop Grumman Northrop Grumman American Medical Assn $20,555,000 American Medical Assn $20,555,000 American Medical Assn American Medical Assn Pharmaceutical Rsrch & Mfrs of America$20,220,000 Pharmaceutical Rsrch & Mfrs of America$20,220,000 Pharmaceutical Rsrch & Mfrs of America Pharmaceutical Rsrch & Mfrs of America American Hospital Assn $20,102,684 American Hospital Assn $20,102,684 American Hospital Assn American Hospital Assn Koch Industries$20,023,000 Koch Industries$20,023,000 Koch Industries Koch Industries General Electric$19,379,000 General Electric$19,379,000 General Electric General Electric Verizon Communications$18,020,000 Verizon Communications$18,020,000 Verizon Communications Verizon Communications National Assn of Realtors$17,340,000 National Assn of Realtors$17,340,000 National Assn of Realtors National Assn of Realtors Boeing Co$16,610,000 Boeing Co$16,610,000 Boeing Co Boeing Co Lockheed Martin$15,961,506 Lockheed Martin$15,961,506 Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin Blue Cross/Blue Shield$15,560,165 Blue Cross/Blue Shield$15,560,165 Blue Cross/Blue Shield Blue Cross/Blue Shield

Top campaign expenditures in 2008 Employees International Union$71,019,477 Employees International Union$71,019,477 Employees International Union Employees International Union ActBlue$54,382,729 ActBlue$54,382,729 ActBlue Moveon.org$38,123,571 Moveon.org$38,123,571 Moveon.org EMILY's List$34,965,661 EMILY's List$34,965,661 EMILY's List EMILY's List American Fedn of St/Cnty/Munic Employees$33,035,182 American Fedn of St/Cnty/Munic Employees$33,035,182 American Fedn of St/Cnty/Munic Employees American Fedn of St/Cnty/Munic Employees Friends of Fred Thompson$24,316,838 Friends of Fred Thompson$24,316,838 Friends of Fred Thompson Friends of Fred Thompson American Federation of Teachers$20,995,532 American Federation of Teachers$20,995,532 American Federation of Teachers American Federation of Teachers National Assn of Realtors$18,383,414 National Assn of Realtors$18,383,414 National Assn of Realtors National Assn of Realtors Intl Brotherhood of Electrical Workers$17,128,126 Intl Brotherhood of Electrical Workers$17,128,126 Intl Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Intl Brotherhood of Electrical Workers National Rifle Assn$16,828,298 National Rifle Assn$16,828,298 National Rifle Assn National Rifle Assn Teamsters Union$16,148,705 Teamsters Union$16,148,705 Teamsters Union Teamsters Union United Auto Workers$13,121,064 United Auto Workers$13,121,064 United Auto Workers United Auto Workers