1. Interest Groups Chapter 7

2. Interest Groups Interest groups are organized groups of individuals sharing common objectives, who actively attempt to influence policy. Madison in the Federalist Paper 10 believed that interest groups would discourage the formation of an oppressive majority rule. The First Amendment - freedom of speech and assembly protects interest groups.

3. Broad Social Movements The Women’s Movement led to the creation of interest groups such as the National Organization of Women (NOW) The Civil Rights Movement created groups such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4. Types of Interest Groups Economic Interest Groups - the largest category includes : Business groups such as American Manufactures Association. Labor groups such as the United Auto Workers Professional Associations such as the American Medical Association.

5. Environmental Interest groups such as Green Peace or the Sierra Club Public interest groups focus on overall interests of community. For example, Ralph Nader’s group worked to make cars safer, Common Cause works to make government more responsive, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving to make teen drivers safer.

6. Why People Join Solidarity incentives- The desire to associate with others with the same interests (e.g. Audubon society for birds) Material incentives - refers to economic benefits of membership (e.g. American Association Retired Person gives insurance and travel benefits) Purposive incentives - people agree to main purpose such as human rights or environmental protection (e.g. Amnesty International)

7. What makes a group powerful? Size - e.g. American Federation of Labor Resources - e.g. US Chamber of Commerce Leadership - National Rifle Association

8. Lobbying Lobbying - an organization or individual who attempts to influence legislation 1965 Lobbying Act - defines lobbyist. Lobbyists must register with the government and report lobbying efforts 1995 Law banned gifts from Lobbyists to legislators

9. Political Action Committees Many interest groups have Political Action Committees (PACs) that contribute to political candidates. Corporations and labor unions create political actions committees, too. There are over 4,000 PACs contributing money to issues and candidates

10. Super Pacs The 2010 Citizen’s United Supreme Court Decision allows unlimited contributions to Super Pacs. These Super Pacs are not to be directed by a candidate, although they may run political ads on behalf of a candidate

11. Indirect Techniques Not all interest group activity is directly related to lobbying legislators and campaign contributions to candidates Interest groups may also be involved in indirect techniques, including: demonstrations, letter writing, and political advertising

12. Concerns Many people may benefit from interest groups but do not participate in their activities. Essentially they get a “free ride” from the work that interest groups do. Interest groups may also exert influence beyond their actual numbers, and in some cases engage in illegal or unethical behavior