Chapter 30 The War to End War, 1917–1918

I. War by Act of Germany Zimmermann note (March 1, 1917) – Secret message encouraged Mexico to attack U.S. The long-dreaded “overt” act in the Atlantic – U-boats sank 4 U.S. merchant ships (March, 1917) Russian Revolution toppled cruel regime of tsars – America could now fight foursquare for democracy Wilson asked for a declaration of war – Congress agrees (April 6, 1817)

(1917)

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II. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned America abandons isolationism Wilson proclaim U.S. glorified war goals – ‘Make world safe for democracy’ Wilsonian idealism – Modern war unsustainable – Americans could be either isolationists or crusaders

III. Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points Wilson - the moral leader of the Allied cause – On Wilson’s Fourteen Points (April 1918) (1) No secret treaties (2) Freedom of the seas (3) Free trade (4) Reduction of arms (5) Adjustment of colonial claims (self determination) – Capstone point (14) The League of Nations

IV. Creel Manipulates Minds Committee on Public Information – Purpose—to mobilize the people’s mind for war – Domestic propaganda took varied forms Speeches, billboards, handbooks, movies – U.S. relied on passion and voluntary compliance

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V. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Over 8 million German-Americans – Some were tarred, feathered, beaten Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 – Antiwar/Socialist/Labor leaders arrested Schenk v. United States (1919) – The Supreme Court affirmed their legality “Clear and present danger” ruling

Free Speech vs National Security

VI. The Nation’s Factories Go to War Wilson backed preparedness measures – Supported economic mobilization – Increased size of Navy and Army Fed governments growing economic role – War Industries Board ( ) Central role in the economic planning

VII. Workers in Wartime “Labor Will Win the War” – War Department’s “work or fight” rule – The National War Labor Board Employers / workers cooperated – Most unions supported the war effort Industrial Workers of the World (wobblies) did not Post war labor unrest – 1919 steel strike – failed & hurt unions for 15 years Strikers labeled as ‘communist’ Blacks used as workers (scabs), riots broke out

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VIII. Suffering Until Suffrage Women heard the call of patriotism opportunity – Thousands replaced men in factories and fields – War gave new momentum to the suffrage fight Wilson endorsed woman suffrage States started to recognize women's right to vote The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) – Gave all American women the right to vote – Women’s post-war role returned to tradition

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What part of the nation Gave women the right To vote earlier? WHY ?

IX. Forging a War Economy Wilson’s administration’s preference – Voluntary means to mobilize the economy Feds took greater command of U.S.’s resources – Food Administration Voluntary compliance, propaganda +25% production – The Fuel Administration “heatless Monday,” “lightless nights,” “gasless Sundays” – The Treasury Department “Halt the Hun” Liberty Loan drives

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X. Making Plowboys into Doughboys America’s early role in the war – Navy goal’s = freedom of the seas US military to be raised, trained, & transported – Conscription was the answer Wilson didn’t like the draft, but agreed

XI. Fighting in France—Belatedly Russian Civil War won by Bolsheviks (1917) Withdrew from the “capitalistic war” (1918) Germany – Transferred ‘eastern front’ troops to ‘western front’ France – Used American doughboys for replacements – American troops also in Russia, Belgium, Italy Bolsheviks = Communist (US fought Bolsheviks)

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XII. America Helps Hammer the “Hun” German drive towards Paris (July 1918) – Second Battle of the Marine American Expeditionary Force – Meuse-Argonne offensive (Sept-Nov, 1918) 1.2 million American troops engaged (10% causality rate) 1 st major fight for US troops

Map 30-1 p688

USA & ALLIES ‘WIN’ WWI

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Figure 30-1 p690

XIII. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Berlin was ready to hoist the white flag – Kaiser had to abdicated before negotiations The cost exceeded comprehension – 9 million dead, 20 million seriopusly wounded – 30 million people died influenza pandemic ( ) U.S.’s main contributions to the victory – Foodstuffs, munitions, loans, oil, & manpower – The prospect of endless U.S. troops & resources

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Screw Wilson- He doesn’t live here He didn’t fight for 5 years

XIV. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus The American president at his popularity peak – Seen as the moral leader of the world Wilson’s European trip infuriated Republicans – No Republican senator in peace delegation

XV. An Idealist Amid the Imperialists In Europe, Wilson gets a hero’s welcome Paris Conference (Jan.1919) – The Big Four made the treaty League Of Nations: Wilson’s ultimate goal – Would become a part of the final peace treaty

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XVI. Hammering Out the Treaty – Wilson negotiating in Europe Wilson’s loses battle with France, Italy & Japan – Wilson’s domestic treaty battle begins Irreconcilables (39 Republican Senators) Announced they wouldn’t support League of Nations

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XVII. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Treaty of Versailles – Vengeance, not reconciliation Wilson was seen as a fallen hero – Compromised to save the League of Nations The treaty had tremendous positives – Liberation of millions of minority people made ‘self-determination’ a goal – A ‘fairer’ treaty because Wilson had gone to Paris

XVIII. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice Critics showered the Treaty of Versailles – For the Hun-haters the pact was not harsh enough – Liberals thought it too harsh—a gross betrayal Isolationists protested League of Nations

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XIX. Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919) Wilson felt optimistic about treaty – A strong majority of the people favored it – Republican goal was to amend Wilson decided to take his case to the country – His pro-treaty tour (September 1919) – Wilson collapsed from physical/nervous exhaustion He suffered a stroke

XX. Defeat Through Deadlock Senator Lodge made 14 treaty changes Wilson was strong enough to obstruct – Sent word for all Democrats to vote against changes What / Who defeated the Treaty of Versailles – Traditional isolationists and those disillusioned – The Lodge-Wilson personal feud / partisanship – Wilson asked for all or nothing—and got nothing

Senate refuses to ratify Treaty of Versailles US refuses to join League of Nations

Super Pop Essay (10% of Quarter grade) 5 minutes to write 50 words

I’m Joking, it’s just a regular “Pop Essay”

XXI. The “Solemn Referendum” of 1920 Wilson’s deadlocked treaty solution= 1920 elections Republicans nominate Warren G. Harding Democrats nominated James M. Cox – Democrats attempted a referendum on the League 1920 Election returns – Popular vote, Harding=16,143,407 to Cox=9,130,328 – Electoral count, Harding=404 to Cox=127 – People were eager to go back to “normalcy”

Bothcandidatesfrom OH-IO !

XXII. The Betrayal of Great Expectations Rejecting the League was short-sighted – Eliminated any changes from pre-war Europe Senate also spurned the French Security Treaty – France undertook to build a powerful military force – Thus Germany began to rearm (illegally) The United States hurt its own cause – Isolationists igonered its new war-born leadership – Rejected responsibilities of a global leader

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