Chapter 1: The Nature of Science Science Is Everywhere

Science—Knowledge based on observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system: biological or physical sciences

Pure Science the study of science alone, not including its relations to other subjects the study of science alone, not including its relations to other subjects The gathering of new information or the discovery of a new relationship or fact The gathering of new information or the discovery of a new relationship or fact Adds to the body of scientific knowledge Adds to the body of scientific knowledge Might not have practical uses. Might not have practical uses.

pure science is divided into the following categories: Physical sciences, which deal with matter and energy and allow us to describe the material universe in terms of weight, mass, volume, and other standard, objective measures. Physical sciences, which deal with matter and energy and allow us to describe the material universe in terms of weight, mass, volume, and other standard, objective measures. Earth sciences, which explain the phenomena of the Earth, its atmosphere, and the solar system to which it belongs. Earth sciences, which explain the phenomena of the Earth, its atmosphere, and the solar system to which it belongs. Life sciences, which describe living organisms, their internal processes, and their relationship to each other and the environment Life sciences, which describe living organisms, their internal processes, and their relationship to each other and the environment

Applied Science The science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems The science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems

Technology Practical use of scientific information Practical use of scientific information Known as applied science Known as applied science Engineering Engineering

Nature of Science Section 2: Finding out

Exercise vs problem Exercise—the method for reaching the solution is known; solving a crossword puzzle Exercise—the method for reaching the solution is known; solving a crossword puzzle Problem—the method of solution must be developed; fixing a flat tire Problem—the method of solution must be developed; fixing a flat tire

Solving problems Define the problem Define the problem Use what you know about the problem to predict a solution and try it. Use what you know about the problem to predict a solution and try it. Look for patterns that will help you make predictions about the problem. Look for patterns that will help you make predictions about the problem. Develop a Model (an idea, system, or structure that represents what you are trying to explain) Develop a Model (an idea, system, or structure that represents what you are trying to explain) Break the problem down into smaller, simpler problems Break the problem down into smaller, simpler problems

Critical thinking A process that use certain skills to solve a problem A process that use certain skills to solve a problem Flex your brain p. 15 Flex your brain p. 15

Skills you need to solve problems Observation: Using your senses to gather information Observation: Using your senses to gather information Research: Find out more information Research: Find out more information Hypothesis: testable prediction Hypothesis: testable prediction Experiment: Test the hypothesis Experiment: Test the hypothesis Collect data and analyze Collect data and analyze Conclusion Conclusion

Theory An explanation based on many observations supported by experimental results. An explanation based on many observations supported by experimental results. Most logical explanation of why things work. Most logical explanation of why things work.

Scientific Law A rule of nature that explains related observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in nature. A rule of nature that explains related observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in nature.

Exploring Science

Scientific Method steps Determine the problem Determine the problem Gather Information Gather Information Make a hypothesis Make a hypothesis Test your hypothesis Test your hypothesis Analyze the results Analyze the results Draw conclusions Draw conclusions

Experiment An organized procedure for testing a hypothesis An organized procedure for testing a hypothesis Control—a standard for comparison Control—a standard for comparison Constant—a factor that doesn’t vary in an experiment Constant—a factor that doesn’t vary in an experiment Independent variable—the factor adjusted by the experimenter. Independent variable—the factor adjusted by the experimenter. Dependent variable—a factor whose value depends on the independent variable. Dependent variable—a factor whose value depends on the independent variable.

Parts of the experiment Bowling Ball Experiment What is my hypothesis? What is my hypothesis? What is my control? What is my control? What are my possible constants? What are my possible constants? Independent variable? Independent variable? Dependant Variable? Dependant Variable? Possible answers- Blood will spray farther if the ball is dropped from a greater height. Blood will spray farther if the ball is dropped from a greater height. A non participant A non participant Ball weight, size, height? Ball weight, size, height? Height of ball Height of ball Spray of blood Spray of blood