The Built Environment CONS5C08

>>FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Learning resources NZBC G7 Natural lighting NZBC G8 Artificial lighting NZS 6703 Interior Lighting Design AS/NZS 1680 Industrial lighting tasks and processes BBC - Rules of Lighting Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

>>FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Definitions Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

>>FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Natural lighting Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

>>FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Natural lighting Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

>>FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT G7 / AS1 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

>>FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 1 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

>>FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 2 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

G7 / AS1 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

G7 / AS1 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Figure 3 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Table 1 Resene LRV values Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Table 2 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

G7 / AS1 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Figure 4 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Photometry Photometry - Study of radiation emitted from a source that is visible to the human eye Radiometry - Study of all radiation emitted from a source

Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08 Photometry

Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08 Photometry Light is not measured in watts Light is not measured in watts Watts is a measurement of electrical work, Volts x Amps Watts is a measurement of electrical work, Volts x Amps Light is measured in Luminous Flux (Lumens) Light is measured in Luminous Flux (Lumens) Different kinds of light bulbs use different amounts energy to produce the same amount of lumens Different kinds of light bulbs use different amounts energy to produce the same amount of lumens

Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08 Luminous Flux Basic measurement of the perceived power of a light, adjusted for the human eye Basic measurement of the perceived power of a light, adjusted for the human eye 9W LED = 60W incandescent 9W LED = 60W incandescent 650 Lumens

Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08 Luminous Flux SourceLuminous flux (lumens) 37 mW "Superbright" white LED mW green laser (532 nm wavelength)8.4 1 W high-output white LED25–120 Kerosene lantern W incandescent lamp325 7 W high-output white LED W fluorescent lamp W incandescent lamp W fluorescent lamp W xenon bulb2200– W fluorescent lamp W low pressure sodium vapor lamp W metal-halide lamp

Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08 Luminous Flux / Luminous Intensity Luminous Flux Radiation emitted in all directions Luminous Intensity Radiation emitted in one direction – Measured in Candela 1 Candela = lm/sr

Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08 Illuminance Is the total luminous flux falling on a surface per unit area Illuminance is the primary measurement the building code uses to regulate the amount of light required at floor level. Illuminance is measured in Lux = lm/m 2

Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08 Luminance Is the total luminous flux emitted from a surface Luminance is measured in cd/m 2 Typically used as a specification for monitors /TV’s/etc..

Artificial lighting NZBC G8 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Artificial lighting Lux = 1 Lumen per m 2 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

About 1/12 th of a candle So… 1 candle for every 12m 2. Not much… Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Lux Levels Different Scenarios

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Light Temperature is measured in degree Kelvin. Pure white light like that of the noon day sun is 5000K while cool temperatures are over 5000 and warm temperatures are lower than 5000.

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G8 / AS1 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Table 1 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Table 1 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Visibility of stair treads ecoglo Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Lighting for Stairways Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

How much lighting? The amount of lighting or the illumination level recommended for homes depends on the type of rooms and what activity goes on in those rooms. The illumination level for seeing properly also depends on age. Most younger people can see as well with less light. Most older people (60yrs +) may need up to twice the usual recommended illumination level. Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

How much lighting? The amount of lighting or the illumination level (illuminance) recommended for homes also depends on preferences. Some people may be happier with duller lighting in a living room. Or accept a lower illumination level for the sake of saving costs. Others may prefer more brightly lit rooms to create a feeling of warmth or attractive sparkling effects. Care to not over light which will result in glare. Dimmers are useful for changing atmosphere in a room. Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Recommended Illuminance Living roomGeneral/overall lighting 50 lux Reading150 luxAt/on the surface of the page Sewing300 luxAt/on the surface of the page If older than 60, or read or sew a lot Double above values StudyGeneral /overall lighting 150 lux At desk500 luxAt the desk top KitchenGeneral/overall lighting Work surface 300 lux 500 luxAt the work surface Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Reflectance levels The amount of lighting also depends on the reflectance levels of the walls, floor and ceiling. The lighter the colours the higher the reflectance levels. Typical average room reflectance levels: Ceiling - 70% Walls - 30% Floor - 15% Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

NZS 6703 This standards gives recommended standard illuminance levels for all types of buildings and activities. Resene PaintToneLRV% All BlackCool black4 AubergineUltra deep5 Blue CharcoalUltra deep6 Grasslands Non-Skid ultra deep8 ScarlettMagenta10 Half TunaLight18 AzureLight22 Lemon GingerYellow 231 Quarter SandstoneWhite39 Pristine LavenderWhite44 AshWhite55 HaystackWhite64 White PointerWhite74 White 92 Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Natural Lighting The amount of day lighting available on any given day depends on: Time of day Season of year Weather conditions Latitude Atmospheric composition Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Light entering a room The light entering a room depends on: Orientation of a building to the north sun Size and location of windows Transmittance levels of the glazing Internal curtains/blinds used in the room External shading controls used above the windows Reflectance of the floor Proximity of neighbouring buildings /trees Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Sky illuminance The luminance of the sky is 3 times brighter at the zenith than at the horizon. Direct sunlight can give illumination levels as high as 60,000 lux on the working plane inside buildings through windows. We need only 300 to 500 lux for good lighting. Our eyes can adapt to the bright sunlight over time but produces intolerable glare. Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Daylight factor The daylight factor is the percentage of illuminance at a point indoors of the illuminance received simultaneously by an unobstructed point outside under an overcast sky. For example, if there were 25,000 lux available outdoors and 400 lux available at any given point indoors, then the DF for that point would be calculated as follows DF = 400/20,000 *100 or DF=1.6. LEED – Require 2 for at least 75% of the work spaces BS requires Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Daylight factor The interior daylight factor can be obstructed and thereby reduced by neighbouring buildings, trees, natural features… The interior daylight factor is composed of 3 factors: Sky component (SC) Externally reflected component (IRC) Internally reflected component (IRC) Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Overcast days Illuminance received from the sky varies greatly according to the sun and clouds. However, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) has established a standard overcast sky as being 5000 lux. This assumes that a heavily overcast sky gives a total unobstructed illuminance at ground level of 5000 lux. Measurements show that between 8am and 5pm, the illuminance from the sky is 5000 lux for at least 85% of the day. Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Glare Glare is excessive contrast of brightness. Excessive glare can make an area or activity unsafe as people have reduced vision when partly closing their eyes to reduce glare. While we can adapt to glare it also reduces the environment’s colours and reduces aesthetic appeal. A good designer aims to balance light levels between being able to see to work efficiently and having a comfortable/non-glare environment. The glare index indicates the degree of discomfort. NZS 6703 gives glare index tables. Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Views Most people prefer rooms giving views of: scenery, activity outside (esp. street from kitchens, children play area), weather change. It is unhealthy to live in a room without windows with views of the exterior on a long term basis. Cf. solitary confinement Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Glass / glazing Glazed windows don’t reflect all of the light arriving at their surfaces. About 89% is transmitted through clean, clear glass, with 8% being reflected and 3% lost in transmission. If glass is dirty or otherwise obstructed as diffused glass, tinted, heat reducing, double or triple glazed, the light transmitted is further reduced. Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Glass –points to consider Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Orientation aided by performance Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Performance of different glass Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Low-E glass Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Soft Coat Low-E Glass Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Hard Coat Low-E Glass Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

Transmittance values Glazing typeTransmittedReflected/ Absorbed Plain clear glass85%15% Tinted or heat absorbing60%40% Diffusing25%75% Clear double glazing70%30% Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08

>>FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT THE ENDTHE END Unitec FTBE - CONS 5C08