What makes you….you!

What type of cells are these? What is the arrow pointing to?

Video: Cracking the Code of Life | Watch NOVA Online | PBS Video 1800’s – with discovery of microscope, scientists realized something [DNA] existed in the nucleus 1950’s – Rosalind Franklin- using X-ray discovered a stand of DNA consists of a “double helix” or spiral shaped ladder - Watson and Crick- “ sides of ladder” consists of sugars and phosphates and “steps of ladders” are nitrogen base pairs

DNA- [Deoxyribonucleic Acid] threads of chromatin Shape - like a spiral ladder 1. Rungs = Pairs of Nitrogen Bases A-T = Adenine - Thymine G-C = Guanine - Cytosine 2. Handrails = Alternating Phosphate and Deoxyribose Sugar * Base pairs always attached to sugar Sugar phosphate Nitrogen base

Gene - a section of DNA coil, determines traits of organism Inside the Nucleus Inside the Nucleus Heredity- passing of genes from parent > offspring The Human Genome Project, 3D Animation - YouTube

Alleles - different forms a gene may have for a trait Genetics- study of how alleles affect generations of offspring

ChromosomeNumber of Base Pairs [millions] X / Y163 / 51 Total Base Pairs = 3.2 billion Total Genes = 30,000 98% of genes for Humans & Chimps are alike Genes between Humans only differ by 0.01% To read all 3.2 billion base pairs aloud -it would take 9.5 years

A-T-C-A-T-T-C-T-G

app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=mutations

One comes from mom, one from Dad Mom Dad Eye color

Genetic Cross- random pairing of one gene from each parent Gregor Mendel = Father of Genetics Dominant- “what is seen” [Capital letter] Recessive- “what is hidden” [Lower case letter] Phenotype- physical trait that appears ex: Tall Genotype- genetic make-up or letters ex: TT Homozygous [homo means same, zygous means pair] = TT, tt Heterozygous [hetero means different, zygous means pair] = Tt

Dominant Traits 1.Tongue roller 2.Hand clasp 3.Unattached earlobe 4.Straight Pinky 5.Hairy finger- 2 nd section 6.Dimples 7.Cleft Chin 8.Straight hair line 9. Freckles 10. Hitch hiker thumb 11.Brown eyes 12. Second toe longer than big toe 13. Finger divide- 2 vs PTC

Punnett Squares- Punnett Squares- visual tool used to display the possibilities of a genetic cross Mom’s Traits D a d’ s T r a i t s

For For the Wisconsin Fast plant, purple stems are dominate to green stems. After growing several hundred plants, Johnny realizes that 75% of the offspring have purple stems and 25% of the offspring have green stems. Find the genotypes of the parents using a Punnett square.

1.What are the steps of the DNA ladder made of? Nitrogen Base Pairs : A-T, G-C 2. What are the sides of the ladder made of? Phosphates and sugars 3. What are base pairs always attached to? Sugar 4. Where are genes located? On chromosomes 5. Different forms of the same genes are called? Alleles

6. Physical appearance of a trait is called? Phenotype 7. Genetic make up of an organism? Genotype 8. What does the term heterozygous mean? Homozygous? Different gene combinations, dominant and recessive Same gene pairs 9.What is a mutation? Are they always harmful? Permanent change to an organism No create variety

10. What is the purpose of using a Punnett square? Determine probability of traits that can be inherited 11. What is the process that involves one cell dividing two times to create four new cells with half the number of chromosomes? Meiosis 12. What type of cells undergo meiosis? Sperm and Egg 13.How many chromosomes are in a human egg cell? Why not 46?

14.What is it called when many genes create ONE trait? polygenic inheritance 15. What is the term for more than two possibilities of a trait? multiple alleles 16. When both genes are expressed equally for a trait it is called? incomplete dominance

Creation of Proteins Base pairs form amino acids which link together to form proteins