Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling Key Components Ecological Structure Basic Components of the Ecosystem Matter Cycles and Energy Flow

The Nature of Ecology Ecosystem organization Organisms– Individual species Population – a group of the same species in a Specific geographic region Community – Two or more pop- ulations interacting together Ecosystem – All of the biotic and Abiotic organisms interacting Biome – Ecosystems of a geographic Area with similar climate Biosphere – The livings Earth

The Earth’s Life-Support Systems Troposphere Stratosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

Sustaining Life of Earth One-way flow of energy Cycling of matter

The Source of Energy

Ecosystem Concepts and Components Biomes Role of climate Aquatic life zones

Biomes That You Are Responsible To Know Details About Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Grassland Taiga Tundra Desert Tropical Rainforest Savanna

Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones AKA – Edge (Edge Effect) More Biodiversity

Principles of Ecological Factors Abiotic factors Law of tolerance Biotic factors Limiting factors Density Independent Density Dependent

Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)

The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)

Carbon Cycle 6CO2 + 6H20 + Sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Occurs in the Chloroplast Stroma Thyllakoid Membrane Grana 2 part process Light Dependent = Occurs in the thyllakoid membrane Light Independent = Occurs in the stroma 6CO2 + 6H20 + Sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Occurs in the Cytoplasm and Mitochondria Inner membrane (Cristae) increase surface area Anaerobic occurs without oxygen = Produces less Carbon dioxide Aerobic occurs with oxygen = produces lots of CO2 C6H1206 + 6O2 6C02 + 6H20 + 38 ATP

Words to Know Cross-section of Leaf Photosynthesis Cuticle Epidermis Palisade Mesophyll Spongy Mesophyll Stoma (Stomata) Guard Cell Vascular Bundle (Vein) Xylem Phloem Light Dependent Reactions Light Independent (Dark) Reactions Calvin Cycle Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Kreb’s (Citric Acid) Cycle Electron Transport Chain

The Nitrogen Cycle Fig. 4-29 p. 86

Nitrogen Cycle Recap Nitrogen Fixatation Ammonification Nitrification Denitrification Assimilation Legume

Nitrogen Cycle Recap

The Sulfur Cycle

The Phosphorus Cycle

The Biotic Components of Ecosystems Producers (autotrophs)- make their own food Consumers (heterotrophs) – Obtain nutrients Herbivores Carnivores Scavengers Detrivores Saprophytes (Decomposers)

Biological Interactions – Food Webs The more organisms in FW, the more biodiverse the ecosystem Arrows show the direction of energy flow

Trophic Pyramid Shows the energy available at every step of a food chain Trophic Level = an organisms place in a food chain Most organisms can occupy more than one trophic level Bottom of the pyramid will ALWAYS be producers Decomposers are not usually included in a pyramid

Bioaccumulation Toxins build up in the ecosystem

Biomagnification- Impact is greater at the top of the food chain

Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of energy flow Ecological efficiency Fig. 4-20 p. 79 Ecological efficiency Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of numbers

Primary Productivity of Ecosystems Gross primary productivity (GPP) Net primary productivity (NPP) Fig. 4-25 p. 81

How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems? Field research Remote sensing Geographic information systems (GIS) Laboratory research Systems analysis

Remote Sensing Examples http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/ Deforestation in the Amazon

Deforestation and Development in Bolivia

GIS and Systems Analysis Fig. 4-32 p. 91 Fig. 4-33 p. 91

Ecosystem Services and Sustainability