Introductory Biology: Cellular Dr. Heather Townsend Chapter 1

Biology… What is it?? What branches does it encompass? What exactly is cellular biology? What will we cover in this class?

Biology: The Study of Living Things

Living vs. non-living things How similar? How different? How do you classify one or the other?

Characteristic of Life 1. Organized /Order 2. Regulation 3. Growth and development 4. Energy utilization 5. Response to environment 6. Reproduction 7. Evolution

1. Order Complex, but ordered organization Living cells are the basis for this organizational scheme

2. Living things are regulated Homeostasis – “staying the same”  Steady state  “Relatively” constant  Physical and chemical conditions of the environment inside the body are maintained

3. Living things grow and develop Growth  Increase in the size and number of cells Development  All the changes that occur between conception and death  Stages

4. Living things acquire materials and energy Energy  Capacity to do work Our cells and tissues need energy How do we acquire energy?

4. Energy Where does energy come from?  solar energy captured “self-feeding” life forms producers Photosynthesis Humans  consumers Decomposers  Fungi, bacteria

5. Living things respond to stimuli Dependant on nervous and muscular systems Plants track the passage of the sun Behavior  Movement of an organism in response to a stimuli  Directed toward minimizing injury, acquiring food, and reproducing

6. Living things reproduce Life comes from life! All life can reproduce  make another organism like itself  Asexual reproduction Bacteria, protists, and unicellular organisms split in two  Sexual reproduction Most multicellular organisms union of sperm and egg

7. Living things are adapted Adaptations  Modifications that make an organism suited to life Ex: Hawk’s hollow bones  Come about through evolution The process by which a species changes through time  Group of similar organisms that interbreed Leads to the diversity of organisms

Life at its many levels…. Atom Molecule Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Hierarchy of Structural Organization Atoms  Smallest particle that is still an element Composed of subatomic particles:  Electrons  Protons  Neutrons Atomic Nucleus

Chemical level  Atoms combine to make molecules  4 macromolecules in the body Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Cellular  Cells can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic  Contain cellular organelles (molecules) Structures within cells that perform dedicated functions (“small organs”) Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Tissue  Collection of cells that work together to perform a specialized function  4 basic types of tissue in the human body: Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organ  Made up of tissue Heart Brain Liver Pancreas, etc…… Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organ system (11)  Made up of a group of related organs that work together Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organism  An individual human, animal, plant, etc……  Made up of organ systems  Work together to sustain life Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organization of the Biosphere Population  Each organism is part of a population Community  Populations of different organisms that interact with one another  All species occupy that same area Ecosystem  Created by communities that interact with each other Biosphere  Refers to all parts of Earth’s water, crust, and atmosphere

Classification of living things Taxonomy  Identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria  Each organism placed into a classification system  Provides clues into evolutionary trends

Taxonomy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

Domains Archae  Prokaryotes Bacteria  Prokaryotes Eukarya  Eukaryotes

Kingdoms 4 main kingdoms:  Protista  Fungi  Plantae  Animalia

Scientific Names Binomial (two name)  Genus name, species name  Examples:  Homo sapiens  Alligator mississippiensis  Felis domesticus

The Process of Science The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know”  Science is a way of knowing Discovery science  Describing nature Hypothesis-driven science  Explaining nature

Science Uses investigative methods to test hypotheses based on previous observations Scientific method  1. Observe some aspect of the natural world and ask questions about it  2. Hypothesis  3. Make predictions  4. Test the predictions  5. Repeat the tests or develop new ones  6. Analyze and report the test results and conclusions

The Scientific Method

Why this course?!?!? Examine concepts of biology  Specifically how it relates to cells  Organismal Biology Further examine these concepts in lab