Women with small children in Russia: types of employment and labor market behavior strategies Anna Sukhova State University – Higher School of Economics Moscow, Russia The Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics 23nd Annual Meeting, Madrid, Spain June 23-25, 2011

Structure of presentation Background Aim and objectives Object and subject Databases Preliminary results * The research is conducted under the project “Women after childbearing in the Russian labor market” financed by the grant of HSE Science Foundation The project head – T. Karabchuk.

Background Woman maternity employment child ? Paid and unpaid parental leave Discrimination by employers Situation with childcare services Part time or full time Self-employment or Employee Permanent, fixed-term, or temporary contract Regularity of work

The aim: To find and describe types of employment for women with small children and to define their determinants. Objectives: ◦ To find types of employment for women with children aged 0-1,5 years; 1,5-3 years; 4-6 years; 7-13 years and for women without children. ◦ To make typology of women’ strategies on labor market according to the types of employment ◦ To reveal factors that influence on type of strategy on the labor market that a women chose after child birth The aim and objectives

◦ Object – women with children under 14 in years. ◦ The simple excludes pensioners, invalids, because their demographic and labor behavior could significantly vary from other women. ◦ Extra focus on women with children under 7. ◦ Subject – types of employment among women with small children. Subject and object

Databases 1) Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) Years: Sample ~ households each year Panel data Representative for Russia The survey is held in Russia by HSE 2) Parents and children, men and women in family and society (RiDMiZh or Rus GGS) Years: 2004, 2007 Sample ~ households each wave Representative for Russia Respondents from 18 until 84 years The survey is held in Russia by the Independent Institute for Social Policy (IISP)

Methodology Descriptive analysis on sub-samples of woman with children of different age. Objective 1 Cluster analysis on characteristics of work for women with small children Sub-sample includes women who have: Year (T) – childbirth Years (T-1), (T+1), (T+3), (Y+6) – work characteristics Objective II Multinominal regression model Dependent variable – women’ strategies of behavior at the labor market Independent variables – status of women on the labor market before childbearing; type of employment before childbearing; presence of other people in the HH; age and education of woman; family income etc. Objective III

Preliminary results Women employment by number of children Woman aged No children under 14 71% employed 29% unemployed 1 child under 14 72% employed 28% unemployed 2 children under 14 57% employed 43% unemployed 3 and more children under 14 55% employed 45% unemployed Source: RusGGS-2007

Women employment by age of children Age of childEmployedUnemployed 1 child in HH Under 1,59%91% 1,5 – 3 years55%45% 4-6 years83%17% 7-13 years83%17% Total74%26% 2> children in HH 1 child under 1, preschool child 12%88% 1 child under 1,5 + + at least 1 school child 5%95% Only preschool children42%58% Preschool + + school children 62%38% Only school children72%28% Total57%43%

Full-time or part-time work Number and age of children Share of part-time employees 0 children5.7% 1 child4.5% 3 and less years6,1% 4-6 years5,2% 7-13 years3.6% Total for women with 1 child100.0% 2 children10.8% 3 and more children6.3% Source: RusGGS-2007

Type of employment Number and age of children Paid employee in state organization Paid employee in private company Self- employed or private entrepreneur Work without pay in a family enterprise or farmerTotal 0 children83%13%3%1%100% 1 child81%14%5%0%100% 3 and less years 75%19%6%0%100% 4-6 years84%11%5%0%100% 7-13 years81%15%4%0%100% 2 and more children 81%11%8%0%100% Source: RusGGS-2007

Other characteristics of work Number of childrenWork full or partly at home 0 children3,2% 1child2,9% 2 and more children6,5% Number and age of children Supervision or co-ordination the work of any personnel 0 children22% 1 child17% 3 and less years5% 4-6 years16% 7-13 years20% 2 children18% 3 and more children0%

Type of work contract Number of children Perma- nent Fixed- time Tempo- rary No written contractTotal 0 84%9%1%6%100% 1 85%10%1%5%100% 3 and less years 81%9%0%10%100% 4-6 years84%11%1%4%100% 7-13 years 86%9%1%4%100% 2 and more 87%8%1%4%100%

Next steps Using RLMS database for panel analysis that allows to observe women’ employment before and after the childbirth Building the typology of strategies of women with small children in the labor market Defining the determinants of every labor market behavior strategy Developing of recommendations for Russian social and labor market policy by a part of women with small children

Thank you!