Chapter 9 Flashcards
citation
a legal document roughly equivalent to a traffic ticket
commutation of sentence
action by the executive branch of government; legally means exchanging one punishment for another less severe one
consolidated parole boards
autonomous panels within the government department responsible for administering correctional institutions or community corrections
discretionary release
initiated by correctional authorities when they believe an inmate is ready for life on the outside
expiration release
an unconditional release from prison when the offender’s sentence, minus any good time credits, ends
false negatives
inmate who would have made a success of their parole, but is denied parole
false positives
parolees who looked to be good risks, but later committed a crime
good-time laws
passed in 1817 allowed prison officials to shorten an inmate’s prison term in exchange for good behavior
guardians
citizen volunteers who supervised parolees in New York State during the 1800s
hearing officer
typically a supervisory-level or senior member of the parole agency staff who conducts the preliminary parole hearing
independent parole boards
parole board model free from any other state agency’s control and generally reports directly to the governor
inspector of released prisoners
the first parole officer
institutional model
a model of the composition of the consolidated parole board that typically employs full-time corrections professionals
Irish ticket-of-leave system
created by Crofton in 1854 as a way of releasing ex-convicts into the community
iron law of imprisonment
except for those that die in prison, the rest eventually return to free society
iron law of prison populations
prison populations are determined by the number of people sent to prison and by the amount of time the prisoners reside in them
mandatory release
today many inmates serve a statutorily defined minimum length of time and their release is automatic
pardon
executive clemency or mercy; a unique and rare event
parole
a conditional release from prison
parole agents
parole officers; state-level civil service employees
parole agreement
standard conditions of parole
parole eligibility date
the earliest point at which the inmate can leave prison
parole officers
parole agents who are state-level civil service employees
prisoner reentry
release from prison and adjustment into the free society
summary arrest
when a parole officer observes a violation of parole in person, they can immediately take the parolee into custody
supervised release
largely indistinguishable from parole with supervision of ex-inmates by US probation officers