ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 11 Amplifiers: Specifications.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 11 Amplifiers: Specifications and External Characteristics

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 11 Amplifiers: Specifications and External Characteristics 1.Use various amplifier models to calculate amplifier performance for given sources and loads. 2. Compute amplifier efficiency.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Understand the importance of input and output impedances of amplifiers. 4. Determine the best type of ideal amplifier for various applications. 5. Specify the frequency-response requirements for various amplifier applications. 6. Understand linear and nonlinear distortion in amplifiers.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 7. Specify the pulse-response parameters of amplifiers. 8. Work with differential amplifiers and specify common-mode rejection requirements. 9. Understand the various sources of dc offsets and design balancing circuits.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

BASIC AMPLIFIER CONCEPTS Ideally, an amplifier produces an output signal with identical waveshape as the input signal, but with a larger amplitude.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inverting versus Noninverting Amplifiers Inverting amplifiers have negative voltage gain, and the output waveform is an inverted version of the input waveform. Noninverting amplifiers have positive voltage gain.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Voltage-Amplifier Model

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Current Gain

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Power Gain

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

CASCADED AMPLIFIERS

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Simplified Models for Cascaded Amplifier Stages First, determine the voltage gain of the first stage accounting for loading by the second stage. The overall voltage gain is the product of the gains of the separate stages. The input impedance is that of the first stage, and the output impedance is that of the last stage.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

POWER SUPPLIES AND EFFICIENCY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Current-Amplifier Model A isc is the current gain of the amplifier with the output short circuited.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transconductance-Amplifier Model Connect a short circuit across the output terminals and analyze the circuit to determine G msc.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transresistance-Amplifier Model Open circuit the output terminals and analyze the circuit to determine R moc.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

IMPORTANCE OF AMPLIFIER IMPEDANCES IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS Some applications call for amplifiers with high input (or output) impedance while others call for low input (or output) impedance. Other applications call for amplifiers that have specific input and/or output impedances.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

The proper classification of a given amplifier depends on the ranges of source and load impedances with which the amplifier is used.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. FREQUENCY RESPONSE

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Determining Complex Gain

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

LINEAR WAVEFORM DISTORTION If the gain of an amplifier has a different magnitude for the various frequency components of the input signal, a form of distortion known as amplitude distortion occurs.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Phase Distortion If the phase shift of an amplifier is not proportional to frequency, phase distortion occurs.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Requirements for Distortionless Amplification To avoid linear waveform distortion, an amplifier should have constant gain magnitude and a phase response that is linear versus frequency for the range of frequencies contained in the input signal.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

PULSE RESPONSE

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rise Time

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tilt For small amounts of tilt,

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC AND NONLINEAR DISTORTION The transfer characteristic is a plot of instantaneous output amplitude versus instantaneous input amplitude. Curvature of the transfer characteristic results in nonlinear distortion.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Harmonic Distortion For a sinewave input, nonlinear distortion produces output components having frequencies that are integer multiples of the input frequency.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Total harmonic distortion is a specification that indicates the degree of nonlinear distortion produced by an amplifier.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS A differential amplifier has two input terminals: an inverting input and a noninverting input. Ideally, a differential amplifier produces an output that is proportional to the difference between two input signals.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Common-mode Signal

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

OFFSET VOLTAGE, BIAS CURRENT, AND OFFSET CURRENT

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Real differential amplifiers suffer from imperfections that can be modeled by several dc sources: two bias-current sources, an offset current source, and an offset voltage source. The effect of these sources is to add a (usually undesirable) dc term to the ideal output.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.