 Intro to Tourism & Hospitality Chapter 10

Copyright Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC by Morgan Westcott, Editor, (c) Capilano University is used under a CC-BY 4.0 International license. This chapter is by Don Webster and is used under a CC- BY 4.0 International license.

Learning Outcomes  Define commonly used environmental stewardship terminology  Articulate the impacts of climate change on tourism  Identify other environmental impacts caused by, and affecting, tourism and hospitality sectors (Webster, n.d.)

Learning Outcomes  Describe a variety of initiatives to mitigate the impacts of environmental damage  Explain how the environmental management system in BC functions  Illustrate the conflicts that exist between tourism and resource extraction in BC (Webster, n.d.)

Environmental Stewardship Figure 10.1 A foraging black bear is photographed by a tourist on a wildlife viewing trip. Protecting BC’s natural assets is paramount to maintaining the province’s tourism product.

Environmental Stewardship  Environmental stewardship can be defined as “the responsible use (including conservation) of natural resources in a way that takes full and balanced account of the interests of society, future generations, and other species, as well as of private needs, and accepts significant answerability to society” (Worrell & Appleby, 2000, p. 263).

History Mid 1900’s the works of authors such as:  Rachel Carson (Silent Spring)  Aldo Leopold (A Sand Country Almanac)  Garret Hardin (The Tragedy of the Commons) (Webster, n.d.)

History Brundtland Commision defined sustainable development as meeting: “the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland, 1987, p. 41).

History  Sustainable development differs from Environmental Stewardship  Environmental Stewardship focuses on the natural world  Sustainable development focuses on the environmental, social and economic aspects of development (Webster, n.d.)

History Environmental Management can be defined as: The natural resources of the environment are managed through policies designed to protect natural values while providing a framework for use (Mercer, 2004; Williams & Ponsford, 2008).

Climate Change Figure 10.3 Helms Glacier melting

Impacts of Climate Change  Direct Climate Impacts  Indirect Environmental Change Impacts  See Table 10.1 on page 216 of Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC (Watson, Zinyowera, & Moss, 1997; World Tourism Organization, 2008a).

Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is “the average maximum number of individuals of a given species that can occupy a particular habitat without permanently impairing the productive capacity of that habitat” (Rees, 2001, p. 229).

Carrying Capacity Figure 10.5 A tourist’s snapshot of a “full moon party” in Thailand, where bottles, trash, and human waste litter the beach for days afterward, and noise and light pollution are common

Carrying Capacity Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC): “the maximum number of visitors which an area can sustain without unacceptable deterioration of the physical environment and without considerably diminishing user satisfaction” (Salerno, Viviano, Manfredi, Caroli, Thankuri, & Tartari, 2013, p. 116).

The Tourism Paradox  The tourism paradox is concept that is born from the Tragedy of the Commons  Describes the paradoxical nature of tourism’s relationship with the environment (Webster, 2015)  So…….what is the relationship between tourism and the environment?

Environmental Management in BC Land Use  Private Land  Crown Land  BC Parks  Parks Canada  First Nations Land

Protection and Assessment  Ministry of Environment  Environmental Assessment Office (Webster, n.d.)

Mitigating Impacts Initiatives that have the potential to implement change:  Carbon offsetting  Energy conservation  Water conservation  Food production management  Waste management  Accreditation

References Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Report of the World Commission on environment and development: our common future. United Nations. Retrieved from: Mercer, D. (2004). Tourism and resource management. In C. Hall, A. Lew & A. Williams (Eds.) A Companion to tourism (pp. 462 – 472). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Rees, W. (2001). Ecological footprint, concept of. In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (vol. 4). Waltham, MA: Academic Press, Salerno, F., Viviano, G., Manfredi, E. C., Caroli, P., Thakuri, S., & Tartari, G. (2013). Multiple carrying capacities from a management- oriented perspective to operationalize sustainable tourism in protected areas. Journal Of Environmental Management, 128, Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., & Moss, R. H. (Eds.). (1997). The regional impacts of climate change: an assessment of vulnerability. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from Webster, D. (n.d.) Environmental Stewardship. In Westcott, M. Editor, Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC (pp ). Retrieved from Williams, P. W., & Ponsford, I. F. (2008). Confronting tourism’s environmental paradox: Transitioning for sustainable tourism. Futures, 41(6), Worrell, R., & Appleby, M. C. (2000). Stewardship of natural resources: definition, ethical and practical aspects. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 12(3),

Attributions Figure 10.1 Bear Watching, British Columbia, Canada by Travel Junction is used under a CC BY-SA 2.0 license.Bear Watching, British Columbia, CanadaTravel JunctionCC BY-SA 2.0 Figure 10.3 Helms Glacier melting in the hot sun by Kyle Pearce is used under a CC BY-SA 2.0 license.Helms Glacier melting in the hot sunKyle PearceCC BY-SA 2.0 Figure 10.5 Full Moon Party by Dav Naginuma is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 license.Full Moon PartyDav NaginumaCC BY-NC-SA 2.0