Applying the Constitution All branches of government are involved Legislative-establishing laws and other agencies Executive- writing executive orders Laws that do not need congressional approval Judicial- performing judicial review

Applying the Constitution Strict Constructionists- giving the words in the document only their literal meaning Loose constructionists- following the words plus any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them

Discussion question Which is the best way view the United States Constitution? Strict or Loose

Political Parties Political party—an organized group that seeks to win elections in order to influence the activities of government Parties help determine the choice of candidates, policies, and programs presented to the voters Parties also help shape the judicial branch; deeply affect how government operates

Political Parties Two party system Democrats Republicans Third Parties Green, Constitutional, and Libertarian parties Theodore Roosevelt ran for the president with the bull moose party in 1912

Assignment Using your electronic devices, find a third party in the United States. Research and write about History of the party The beliefs of the party Election results Interesting facts about the party Groups of no more than 4 One paper per group

Customs and Traditions Customs can sometimes be vague or inferred Constitution authorizes the president to “require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments” Not a cabinet of advisors Customs started in Washington can become traditions Presidential term limits and the passing of the 22 nd amendment.

Criticizing the Constitution Gridlock- Inability to govern effectively due to separation of powers. Government shutdowns Electoral College A group of representatives that cast votes for the president from the suggestions of the population.